VE在油E开发中的应用

孤岛采油厂历经30多年的开发,已处于特高含水期产量递减阶段.由于新井产量受到自然资源和投资的限制是有限的,要减缓原油产量的递减,依靠的是大量增产措施的投入,而每项措施的实施需要耗费几万元到几十万元的费用.所以,引起开发后期油田成本上升的主要原因是油田增产措施难度加大,投入相应增加.为此,我们引入VE原理,科学实施增产措施工作量,达到了降低作业成本,提高增油效果的目的.     

基于灰色关联度的油田增产措施效益模糊评价

在油田生产过程中,进入开发后期的油田储量不足,原油产量持续减少。为了提高原油产量,增加企业的经济效益,油田企业采取了多种不同的增产措施。这些增产措施中有些效果不佳,效益较差,有些则反之。如何对油田企业采取增产措施的效益,进行科学正确的分析和评价是企业管理者所面临的首要问题。文章在上述问题的基础上,选取某油田企业的防砂、补孔和酸化3种增产措施,依据增产措施投入和产出的9个相关指标,利用模糊综合评价和灰色综合评价法相结合形成的灰色模糊综合评判法,对其进行了分析和评价,最终得出补孔效益最好的结论,并依据关联系数指出了另外两种措施在9个指标方面的不足之处和改进方向。实例研究证明,该方法简单有效,能够辅助管理者进行快速准确的决策。     

注水井层间无干扰测试技术探讨

地层压力是油田开发中的基础。真实的地层压力可以反映油田开发不同阶段的生产能力，而且是油田各种调整措施取得增产效果的重要依据。随着油田加密调整和稳油控水等重大措施的实施，油田产量结构发生了很大的变化，开发对象逐渐转为差油层和表外储层，层间压差逐渐增大。利用新技术和科学管理手段，来；隹确摸清层段压力分布状况以及进一步控制套管损坏速度，[第一段]     

兴采油区二次开发评价及认识

兴隆台采油厂勘探开发四十余年,主要依靠动用新区储量、加密老区调整、老井措施挖潜及转变开发方式实现了老区产量稳定.但目前面临资源接替紧张、主力油田开发调整余地小、复杂断块油田稳产程度差且措施挖潜难度加大等问题,为油田持续发展造成难度.老油田深度开发理念的不断深入、精细油藏描述的广泛运用,是老油田二次开发的基础,水平井技术的成功应用及大量资金的投入为老油田二次开发提供了技术支撑和保障.兴采老油田围绕深度开发理念,以精细注水为中心,应用水平井技术,实现了老区产量递减幅度减慢,兴古潜山油藏厚层块状底水油藏、欧利坨薄层低渗透油藏的大型开发;在资金的支持下,利用日益成熟的大修侧钻、压裂、防砂、堵水等工艺技术,为老油田二次开发提供了保障     

孤东油田七区中后续水驱递减影响因素分析及控制

孤东油田七区中单元2002年6月投入注聚，2005年2月结束注聚，转入后续水驱阶段后产量出现了大幅度递减，开发状况变差。本文从油层发育、注采井网、注采比等方面分析了影响递减的因素，提出了递减控制办法，取得一定成效。     

榆树林油田水井钻关的几点认识

文章针对榆树林油田加密区水井钻关状况进行分类分析,得出了不同钻关时间内钻关区产量递减趋势:钻关时间3个月以内,区块开发状况基本保持稳定;钻关三个月后,产量有所下降,且随着钻关时间的增加,递减幅度增大。同时根据钻关区特点提出几点建议,为今后控制钻关区产量递减提供指导。     

油田增产措施评价方法研究及应用

石油是我国重要的能源资源，特别是我国大力发展海洋石油业以提高石油产量，缓解能源短缺的问题。要实现油田的增产就必须采取有效的方法对油田增产的措施进行评价。本文简要介绍了油田增产措施的具体评价方法，从而能够比较客观的计算措施增油量，对增产措施的评估效果进行有效的评估，促进油田的健康、可持续发展。     

成本管理体系的完善与创新

自20世纪80年代以来,世界油气勘探的发现规模逐渐变小,勘探的难度逐渐加大。我国也同样面临这种境况,油气资源历经五十多年的开发,后备石油可采储量不足,供需矛盾突出,成本不断上升,勘探风险增大,国内很多油田均已进入产量递减阶段。东部区油田产量占全国份额有所下降,但就生产绝对量而言依然是国内油气生产开发的主力。因此,大力研发提高采收率技术,严格控制成本支出,进一步挖掘老油田开发潜力,加大低渗透油气资源的勘探投入,实现规模有效开发成为未来石油产业的发展趋势。基于石油的战略地位及国内石油需求的快速增长现状,加大力度完善创新油气产业的成本管理控制体系已成为当务之急。     

吉林油田水平井重复压裂技术研究与现场应用

水平井重复压裂技术是低渗透油田增加单井产量、确保油田稳产、提高经济效益的关键手段。水平井重复压裂技术经过现场试验后,取得了较好的应用效果。截至08年底水平井重复压裂技术在FY油田现场施工12井次,措施成功率100%,取得了很好的增油效果。现场实践表明,水平井重复压裂技术为低渗透油田开发的增产稳产提供了重要的技术措施。     

超前注水技术在提高低渗透油藏采收率中的应用

国内很多油田都属于低渗透油田,低渗透油田采收率低,开发难度大,注水开发不均匀,油井产量低,很难达到稳产增产的目标。近年来,一些低渗透油藏通过超前注水技术在一定程度上提高了采收率,取得了良好的效果。本文首先介绍了超前注水开发原理,其次介绍了超前注水相关技术措施及其应用效果。     

低碳物流成本管理探析

中国已经是世界第一碳排放大国,实施低碳物流成本管理是必须面对的问题。实施低碳物流成本管理是降低碳排放量,降低中国的经济风险,提升中国的国家形象,优化产业结构的重要手段。所以在实际工作中必须加强物流成本管理理论的研究,实行低碳认证的物流管理,重点抓运输与配送模块管理等,这些工作措施为低碳物流成本管理在全国范围的实施铺平道路。     

Interfirm and Intrafirm Switching Costs in a Vertical Differentiation Setting: Green versus Nongreen Products

In a vertical differentiation model where both duopolists supply the same two qualities of an otherwise homogeneous product, we derive the critical level of the interfirm switching cost needed to sustain monopoly pricing. In particular, we show how a decrease in the intrafirm switching cost may cause a decrease in this critical value, thereby facilitating monopoly pricing. We apply the results to a setting with green and nongreen products—in particular electricity—and discuss implications for policy measures intended to stimulate the production and consumption of green products.     

Why has China’s vertical specialization declined?

Vertical specialization (VS) is quantified by the VS share, which measures the average import content per dollar of exports. A characteristic of China’s export trade is its strong dependence on assembly and processing activities. To take proper account of this, China’s VS shares should explicitly distinguish processing export production from other production. We estimate China’s annual VS shares from 2000 to 2012—the latest year for which a special input–output table is available that makes such an explicit distinction. We find that VS shares increased from 2000 to 2004 and subsequently started to decrease. To explore why it has declined, we introduce a new structural decomposition approach. We find that the decrease of the VS share appears to have been driven mainly by the substitution of imported intermediates by domestic products. This occurred in particular in the production of exports, which implies an upgrading of China’s position in global value chains.     

现代企业降低生产成本的方法及途径

目前,最大限度降低企业成本、增加利润是企业努力追求的目标,也对企业的发展至关重要。降低企业生产成本的方法和途径很多,角度不同采用的方法也不同。从现代工业工程的角度,分析了企业如何降低生产成本的方法,主要从精益生产、学习曲线等方面对此进行了分析。     

Alternative functional forms for production,cost and returns to scale functions

We consider generalized production functions, introduced in Zellner and Revankar (1969), for output y=g(f) where g is a monotonic function and f is a homogeneous production function. For various choices of the scale elasticity or returns to scale as a function of output, differential equations are solved to determine the associated forms of the monotonic transformation, g(f). Then by choice of the form of f, the elasticity of substitution, constant or variable, is determined. In this way, we have produced and generalized a number of homothetic production functions, some already in the literature. Also, we have derived and studied their associated cost functions to determine how their shapes are affected by various choices of the scale elasticity and substitution elasticity functions. In general, we require that the returns to scale function be a monotonically decreasing function of output and that associated average cost functions be U- or L-shaped with a unique minimum. We also represent production functions in polar coordinates and show how this representation simplifies study of production functions' properties. Using data for the US transportation equipment industry, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods are employed to estimate many different generalized production functions and their associated average cost functions. In accord with results in the literature, it is found that the scale elasticities decline with output and that average cost curves are U- or L-shaped with unique minima. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

现代生产物流管理中的计算机仿真应用与研究

在企业生产物流管理中,提高生产线的设备利用率和物流效率是企业节本增效的关键。文中以某节能灯厂的生产线为例,应用计算机仿真软件Flexsim对特定生产线进行建模,通过观察仿真模型的运行状态、分析仿真输出数据,有效地呈现了设备的利用率和生产效率,发现生产过程中存在的瓶颈问题,通过优化模型解决瓶颈问题,为企业节约了生产成本。     

A model of the firm in time and space

We consider a multi-plant monopoly that sells to markets which are geographically separated and which stores product over time via an inventory capability. It is assumed that plant average production cost is U-shaped and that, if the output of a plant's production run were sold to a single market at only one point in time, the plant would operate on the falling portion of its average cost curve. Hence, it is in the interest of the firm to aggregate markets, both spatially and temporally, to lower average production cost. We develop the optimal joint interplant spacing-inventory policy. We also consider the effects changes in freight costs, storage costs, and interest charges have on the firm's optimal policy.     

Revisiting the decomposition of cost efficiency for non-homothetic technologies: a directional distance function approach

In the early 1980’s Kopp and Diewert proposed a popular method to decompose cost efficiency into allocative and technical efficiency for parametric functional forms based on the radial approach initiated by Farrell. We show that, relying on recently proposed homogeneity and duality results, their approach is unnecessary for self-dual homothetic production functions, while it is inconsistent in the non-homothetic case. By stressing that for homothetic technologies the radial distance function can be correctly interpreted as a technical efficiency measure, since allocative efficiency is independent of the output level and radial input reductions leave it unchanged, we contend that for non-homothetic technologies this is not the case because optimal input demands depend on the output targeted by the firm, as does the inequality between marginal rates of substitution and market prices—allocative inefficiency. We demonstrate that a correct definition of technical efficiency corresponds to the directional distance function because its flexibility ensures that allocative efficiency is kept unchanged through movements in the input production possibility set when solving technical inefficiency, and therefore the associated cost reductions can be solely—and rightly—ascribed to technical-engineering-improvements. The new methodology allowing for a consistent decomposition of cost inefficiency is illustrated resorting to simple examples of non-homothetic production functions.     

Productivity differences in multiple output industries: An empirical application to electricity distribution

Given that electricity distribution is undertaken via a network, it is expected that costs of production are affected both by the nature of the network and the volume of physical output distributed via the network. This two-dimensional concept of firm size, that is involving network size (number of customers) and the level of physical output (kWh), also corresponds to the distinction between productivity measures of returns to density and returns to scale.This approach has been used to specify a restricted multioutput cost function and to estimate this function for the Norwegian electricity distribution industry through the use of a flexible functional form (translog). The results indicate that no economies of scale are present in the industry even for small plants when measured correctly, but that economics of density are present.     

A profit function approach to measuring productivity growth: The case of U.S. manufacturing

This article proposes a method of estimating productivity growth using an estimated profit function. The approach has the advantage of incorporating endogenous changes in profit-maximizing output levels that would result from productivity changes. As with the cost function, it can be easily adapted to accomodate the presence of quasi-fixed factors. The article first develops the methodology and shows the equivalence between the proposed measure and other measures of productivity based on cost or production functions. An empirical application to the measurement of productivity changes in the U.S. manufacturing industry is presented next. The profit-function measure is compared to a nonparametric measure based on the same data and to the results of other studies of U.S. manufacturing.The refereeing process of this paper was handled through J. deMelo.