风险投资的政府背景对IPO的影响

中国的风险资本中政府资金一直占有较大比例,本文基于中小企业板数据研究政府背景风险投资对IPO抑价及IPO后收益是否有影响,实证结果发现政府背景风险投资对两者均没有显著影响.因此,政府不应过多地投资于风险投资,而应该完善风险投资的政策环境.     

Board ownership and IPO returns

This study examines the role of the board of directors for IPO pricing irregularities. Theory suggests that initial underpricing may be the result of asymmetric information and the long-run underperformance may be the result of managerial mismanagement of new funds due to agency conflicts. A strong board of directors can potentially reduce both asymmetric information and agency problems. We find that the structure of the board is related to IPO pricing anomalies. Initial returns are directly related to share ownership by insiders and the percentage of independent outsiders, and long-run returns are directly related to share ownership by insiders.     

How Does Ambiguity Influence IPO Underpricing? The Role of the Signalling Environment

We explore the relationship between ambiguity, or low information clarity, in the IPO prospectus of newly public firms and their underpricing. Consistent with signalling theory, we find that IPO underpricing is low when the prospectus contains less ambiguous information that creates a more reliable signal conveying the quality of the IPO firm. However, the positive association between ambiguity and IPO underpricing is less pronounced when IPO firms display low strategic conformity with other firms in the industry, operate in industries with high valuation heterogeneity, or are medium‐sized. Using a sample of 398 IPOs between 1998 and 2007, our results support these predictions. This study shows the importance of the signalling environment influencing boundedly rational signal recipients interpreting ambiguous signals.     

Institutional investors and firm performance: Evidence from IPOs

We investigate the post-IPO evolution of institutional investor holdings and the manner in which operating performance is related to these holdings. During the first year after the IPO, average institutional holdings increase from 24% to 36% of shares outstanding and stabilize at about 42% by the end of the second year. We document that post-IPO operating performance is positively related to institutional holdings, but this relation subsides in the third year after the IPO. Overall, our findings indicate that institutional ownership is a valid indicator of the firm’s operating performance in its initial years as a public company.     

Analysis of Korean IT startups’ initial public offering and their post-IPO performance

Since the financial crisis in Korea, by focusing on core technology, IT startups have played an important role in the recovery of Korea’s economy through innovating technologies and creating new jobs. Even though there are many startups, it is not very common to reach the point of the initial public offering (IPO) and the post-IPO performance of the firms is mostly declining. Since it is rather difficult to apply conventional performance measures to very young firms, IPO has been used as a tool for performance evaluation. This study adopts the IPO as an early-stage measure for the performance of high technology startups. It is important to find out whether an earlier IPO of firms leads to a better performance and capability of firms. We investigate the relationship between the time to IPO of firms and their post-IPO performance for 3 years after their IPO by adopting samples of 79 information technology hardware firms founded after 1996 and listed between 2000 and 2004 in the KOSDAQ. Four determinant factors, including entrepreneurs’ experience, venture capital investment, startups’ technology sourcing, and technology portfolios which determine the firm’s time lag to getting to the IPO, are identified. The findings contain several results. First, the patent has positive effects on the firms’ performance after an IPO and on the firms’ growth before the IPO. Second, a faster technology acquisition via technology alliance has a positive influence on the firms’ IPO regardless of internal technologies. Third, concentrating on core technology, instead of diversifying can mature the startup firms faster. These indicate that a startup’s efficient initial strategy is critical for its performance and it enhances the credit and confidence of the market.     

Idiosyncratic volatility puzzle exists at the country level

This paper reexamines the idiosyncratic volatility puzzle using 47 stock market indices from 1995 to 2016. We find that country-specific idiosyncratic volatility is significantly and negatively related to subsequent returns in the international markets, confirming the existence of the idiosyncratic volatility puzzle at the country level. Our results show that the positive relationship between idiosyncratic volatility and country-specific index returns documented by Bali and Cakici, 2010, Hueng and Yau, 2013 is not robust to sample selections and model misspecifications. We show that the country-level idiosyncratic volatility puzzle consistently exists after controlling for different model specifications and market segmentation in various subsamples.     

IPO performance and the size effect: Evidence for the US and Canada

This study provides new evidence on the interaction between firm size and IPO underpricing in the US and Canadian markets. We find a size effect on IPO underpricing in both Canada and the US, which is larger for Canadian firms. Canadian small firms show more underpricing than US small firms (19.32% vs. 13.87%). Large Canadian firms also exhibit more underpricing than their US counterparts over the sample period (12.83% vs. 10.09%). A size effect on performance is not apparent for holding periods beyond six months from the IPO in both countries, consistent with seasoning effects that reduce information asymmetries across firms over longer investment horizons.     

Payout initiation by IPO firms: The choice between dividends and share repurchases

This study evaluates the economics of the choice of form of payout initiation mechanism adopted by IPO firms. Our results suggest that IPO firms demonstrate a preference for repurchases over dividends as the specific form of payout initiation mechanism. We however, find that while the market views post-IPO payout initiations favorably, it is indifferent to the specific form of payout mechanism adopted. Further, we find that dividends and repurchases represent distinct payout mechanisms adopted by IPO firms with fundamentally different characteristics and motivation to initiate payouts during the post-IPO phase. Our results suggest that while dividend initiations are primarily driven by life cycle and catering theory considerations, signaling theory provides the more likely explanation for payout initiations through share repurchases.     

Earnings announcements and the variability of stock returns

This article is concerned with the dissemination process of firm-specific annual earnings information in the Norwegian capital market. We find a significant reduction in stock price volatility in the post-announcement period relative to the pre-announcement period for companies traded on the Oslo Stock Exchange in the period 1990–1995. Potential explanations for this phenomenon are tested by relating the observed return volatility to changes in the volatility of the underlying business, the speed at which information is incorporated into stock prices, and the amount of noise in the price process. The empirical analyses reveal no significant changes in either the underlying business variance or the price adjustment coefficients. However, we find a significant decline in the noise term for the largest companies after the earnings release date, supporting the hypothesis that earnings announcements reduce informational asymmetries among investors.     

异常审计费用、审计质量与IPO定价——基于A股市场的分析

以A股市场2006—2012年IPO公司为研究对象，探讨异常审计费用与审计质量的相关性及其在IPO定价中的作用。结果发现：对全样本，异常审计费用与IPO抑价水平显著负相关，与可操纵性应计利润的绝对值和股票上市后的长期市场表现不相关；当考虑异常审计费用的方向时，正的异常审计费用与IPO抑价水平、可操纵性应计利润的绝对值显著负相关，与股票上市后的长期市场表现显著正相关，而负的异常审计费用与三者的相关性均不显著。这表明作为会计师事务所努力程度的体现，正的异常审计费用不会损害审计质量，相反在一定程度上能提升审计质量。因此，监管部门应更多地关注审计收费不足所存在的风险。     

地理位置对上市公司IPO抑价的影响——基于区域金融密度的实证研究

基于区域金融密度的视角研究地理位置对上市公司IPO抑价的影响问题。基于信息不对称理论和信息不对称假说，研究发现上市公司所在地的金融密度越高，上市公司IPO抑价越低。选取2006—2016年我国A股市场820家 IPO企业作为样本，构建了多元回归模型，经实证分析发现地理位置与上市公司IPO抑价之间呈显著的负相关关系，即高金融密度地区上市企业 IPO 抑价率要显著低于低金融密度地区上市企业的IPO抑价率。     

Early internet IPOs versus subsequent entrants

This paper examines whether investors in early Internet IPOs earned superior returns to those who invested in later entrants. We document three differences between early public firms in a new Internet technology and their followers: underpricing, operating characteristics at the IPO, and stock price performance after the IPO. We find that there is value in going public relatively early in a new Internet technology. Specifically, long-term returns are significantly higher for the early entrants. We also find evidence, consistent with previous studies that examine hot IPO markets, that the early public firms have better operating characteristics at the IPO than later entrants.     

风险资本对IPO抑价的影响——基于中国中小企业板上市公司的实证研究

本文以2004～2007年间在我国中小企业板上市的201家公司作为研究时象,运用差异性比较和多元回归分析,研究风险资本对IPO抑价的影响.研究结果表明,风险资本支持企业的IPO抑价率显著高于非风险资本支持的企业,但风险资本对IPO抑价没有显著相关关系,风险资本对IPO抑价影响的认证作用、筛选监督作用、逆向选择和躁动效应在我国并不存在.进一步分析表明风险资本支持企业的高抑价率来自二级市场投资者对其预期过分乐观,而非发行定价偏低.     

Initial public offerings by mutual thrifts: The regulatory impact

This study analyzes the abnormal returns from a sample of 311 mutual thrift IPOs to investigate the presence of deliberate underpricing and to measure the impact of the changing regulatory environment. The large initial returns are maintained over the following year, indicating deliberate underpricing. Cross-sectional regressions show that the adjusted returns are positively related to the percentage of insiders participating in the IPO and to the size of the conversion. The adjusted returns significantly decrease after regulations are tightened, and there is a rapid rise in adjusted returns when uncertainty is introduced relating to the actual impact of these regulations. (JEL G280)     

The effect of firm financial characteristics and the availability of alternative finance on IPO underpricing

This article tests the hypothesis that the financial characteristics of the issuing firm, along with the availability of alternative sources of financing, are important determinants of the level of underpricing. While risk and its relationship to underpricing have been examined in previous studies, liquidity risk is unique because of its special implications for a firm’s bargaining position with the underwriter. Consistent with my hypothesis, firms with greater liquidity concerns at the IPO experience greater underpricing. On the other hand, firms with higher levels of venture capital funding and/or debt financing are more fully priced.     

中国沪市IPO抑价组成的实证研究

IPO抑价现象自被提出之日就受到了众多学者的关注,根据对IPO抑价组成的分析,我们认为IPO抑价应该包含故意抑价和由投资者非理性行为引起的抑价两部分。本文将利用随机前沿模型对中国IPO抑价的组成进行实证研究。     

Time preference and real investment

This paper studies the investment timing problem of an entrepreneur with a non-tradable real option with undiversifiable risk. We find that the time preference can have a significant impact on the risk attitude toward the idiosyncratic risk, which results from the wealth effect on the implied option value. If the agent is impatient (patient), an increase in idiosyncratic volatility increases (decreases) the agent’s value and delays (hastens) investment. This finding suggests several important implications and empirical predictions for investment decisions in private firms and public firms with concentrated ownership.     

Donating Money to Get Money: The Role of Corporate Philanthropy in Stakeholder Reactions to IPOs

This study examines how stakeholders' investment time horizons interact with information about corporate giving in initial public offering (IPO) firms. Specifically, we build a model that explains how corporate philanthropy affects IPO performance. We find that at the IPO‐preparation stage, corporate giving is negatively related to underwriter prestige, venture capital investment, and IPO financing costs. We also find that at the IPO‐issuance stage, negative media coverage of IPOs moderates the U‐shaped relationship between corporate giving and market premiums. At the IPO‐trading stage, we find that corporate giving only positively influences the market premiums for IPO firms that are the subject of negative media reports. Our findings contribute to the signalling theory by showing how various stakeholders interpret the same signals differently, and they have implications for understanding how the relationship between corporate philanthropy and corporate financial performance materializes in the IPO markets.     

中国H股市场IPO抑价现象实证研究

文章通过多元回归模型考察了H股IPO抑价的影响因素。研究发现,H股IPO抑价程度受以下三个因素的显著影响:一级市场超额认购倍数、二级市场的市场收益率以及公司绩效。其中一级市场的超额认购倍数的影响力最大,体现了H股IPO市场化的特征。文章的结论还表明,逆向选择理论与信号传递模型在H股市场上有一定的适用性。     

IPO高抑价之谜：“租金分配观”还是“定价效率观”？——基于2005—2012年数据

对中国IPO极高的抑价现象存在两种不同的解释——“定价效率观”和“租金分配观”。以2005—2012年A股IPO公司作为样本,对这两种观点进行检验,结果表明：“租金分配观”只在2005—2008年成立,在2009—2012年不成立;“定价效率观”则能更好地解释2005年实施询价配售制度以来中国IPO抑价率的变化。