技术进步对我国人力资本形成的影响

目前我国正处于改革开放条件下的经济体制转型阶段，一方而快速技术进步会起到诱致人力资本投资增加，加速人力资本形成的作用。另一方面在高技能劳动力供给缺乏弹性的情况下，劳动力市场会表现出高低技能劳动力间工资差距的拉大，使人力资本收益率上升，从而诱致人力资本投资增加，进一步促进了人力资本形成。     

劳动力市场分割、金融市场约束与迁移人口的结构变迁

我们通过世代交叠模型来研究中国劳动力市场分割背景下的城乡迁移的长期动态规律。研究表明,中国城乡之间的劳动力市场分割、城乡迁移成本和农村的金融约束共同塑造了中国城乡迁移的长期基本特征。农村人员迁移方式的选择不仅仅是其对城乡收入差距的静态反应,更多的反映了迁移人员对不同教育投资水平的长期理性选择。我们的定量化研究表明,打破城乡劳动力市场分割,深化户籍制度改革,改善中国农村的金融环境,可以不断的优化城乡劳动力迁移的数量结构和工资结构,完善迁移人员的人力资本投资和教育水平,降低城乡收入差距和全国收入不平等的程度,加速中国二元经济转型。     

人力资本结构、全要素生产率对城乡收入差距的影响

本文实证检验了人力资本结构与全要素生产率增长对城乡收入差距的影响。研究发现,人力资本结构优化,提高大专及以上学历的劳动力相对占比可以显著降低城乡之间人均工资收入比,特别是在中、西部地区。全要素生产率增长,技术进步水平提高,可以有效减小中、西部各地区的城乡收入差距,但在东部地区却呈现出扩大效应。     

人力资本对农村剩余劳动力转移的影响

农村剩余劳动力转移是指农村劳动力以增加收入、获得更好的职业发展和生活环境为目的，以地区之间、城乡之间和产业之间的收入差距为杠杆，随着产业结构、城乡结构、就业结构和收入结构的变迁而向非农部门配置劳动力资源的过程。其实质是一个劳动力流动和优化配置的过程。农村剩余劳动力的转移有利于缩小城乡差距，打破城乡劳动力市场的分割，促进劳动力的合理流动和统一劳动力市场的形成，进而也有利于和谐社会的建设。然而在现实社会中，有诸多因素制约着农村剩余劳动力的转移，其中，人力资本因素是一个值得关注的因素。     

新型城镇化下劳动力人力资本投资与城乡收入差异分析——以中部六省为例

城乡一体化是新型城镇化的主要内容。人力资本投资在现代经济增长理论中具有缓和及降低社会收入分配不平等的功能,通过对人力资本投资与城乡收入差异进行关联分析,建立面板数据模型进行实证分析,得出提高人力资本投入和加大人力资本的积累对缩小中部地区城乡收入差异具有正向作用,并且演算出中部地区人力资本投资与城乡收入差异的弹性比例关系,即把中部地区作为一个整体来看,在其他条件不变的情况下,城乡人力资本投资差异缩小1%,将使城乡收入差距缩小0.4689%。     

扩大农民工就业的路径选择——基于治理劳动力市场分割的视角

文章分析了劳动力市场分割影响农民工就业的原因,从治理劳动力市场分割的角度,提出了扩大农民工就业的主要路径:盘活农村土地资源、把建制镇建成小城镇、实行农民退休和养老保险制度、剥离城镇户籍制度上的福利成分、加强电力、交通、通讯三项基础设施建设、缩小垄断行业和竞争行业的收入差距、增加第三产业的就业比重、加大对农民工人力资本的投资、实行企事业单位全员聘任制等。     

重庆农村人力资本外溢对城乡差距的影响研究

重庆市农村人力资本外溢对城乡收入差距的影响巨大,外溢价值主要是由歧视性等因素造成的,当前超过三成的城乡收入差距是农村人力资本外溢效应带来的。在统筹城乡经济社会发展的背景下,政府应采取有效措施,加大对农村人力资本投入力度,建立统一的劳动力市场,积极引导劳动力向小城镇转移,大力发展农村经济,统筹城乡发展。     

人力资本投资是企业技术创新之本

一、人力资本投资是技术进步的源泉 技术进步在经济增长中的作用越来越大。如八、九十年代发达国家技术进步带来的GDP的增长占其全部增长的70％以上,即使我国与发达国家存在着巨大的差距,但这一比重也达到了25％左右。对此,我们要有清醒的认识:技术进步的落后决定着巨大的差距,只有依靠技术进步才能缩小或消除这种差距。     

资本密集型投资偏好、城镇化发展与城乡收入差距

本文从理论层面探讨资本密集型投资偏好等因素对城乡收入差距的影响机制,并结合2005—2012年的省级面板数据分别运用面板静态和动态估计方法对理论模型进行实证检验。研究结果表明：尽管城镇化发展有助于缩小城乡收入差距,但资本密集型偏好显著恶化了中国城乡收入差距,并在很大程度上蚕食了发展城镇化、提高对外开放水平、提升人力资本等因素对缩小城乡收入差距的贡献。因此,为更好地实现城乡协调发展,中国需要纠正以往的资本密集型投资倾向。这一结论也对缩小城乡收入差距的政策选择具有一定的参考价值。     

行业收入差距扩大的原因分析——基于人力资本异质性的视角

垄断行业的高收入是造成行业间收入差距不断扩大的重要因素,同时,垄断行业比竞争性行业具有更高的人力资本水平,说明垄断行业高收入存在合理成分。行业收入差距扩大的原因包括:人力资本差异和制度因素,竞争性行业中人力资本对收入差距的影响存在"门槛效应",较高质量的人力资本才会扩大行业收入差距;垄断行业中人力资本的收益存在"共享式"特征,低质量人力资本的收益率被抬高,扩大了行业收入差距,高质量人力资本的收益率趋向市场化水平,缩小了行业收入差距。因此,必须打破垄断行业的进入壁垒,从源头上限制政府的权力,减少政府掌握的资源,减少政府对经济的管制和干预,引入市场竞争机制来决定人力资本的回报率,由市场来决定资源的配置方式及工资的决定机制,才是改善行业收入差距扩大的关键。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.     

Capturing the Implications of Services Trade Liberalization

This paper evaluates the impact of service sector trade liberalization on the world economy by a ten-region, eleven-sector CGE model with import embodied technology transfer from developed countries to developing countries. Simulation results show that service sector trade liberalization not only directly affects world service production and trade, but also has significant implications for other sectors in the economy. The major channel of the impact is through inter-industry input-output relations and TFP growth induced from services imported by developing countries from developed countries, which may be embodied with new information and advanced technology.     

City Children and Genderfied Neighbourhoods: The New Generation as Urban Regeneration Strategy

Former industrial cities in the West are employing gentrification as urban policy. In these policies, women and families currently play an important role as gentrification pioneers. In my analysis of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, I propose the term genderfication to understand the gender dimensions of this process. Genderfication refers to the production of space for different gender relations. I analyse Rotterdam's urban planning program for becoming a ‘child‐friendly city’, which entails replacing existing urban dwellings with new, larger and more expensive ‘family‐friendly homes’ as a strategy for urban re‐generation. Urban re‐generation supplements regeneration in the form of material and economic restructuring, and refers to the replacement of part of the current population by a new and better suited generation. The ‘child‐friendly city program’ is considered in tandem with punitive ‘youth policies’.     

Performance appraisal and culture: practice and attitudes in Hong Kong and Great Britain

This article compares the practice of and attitudes towards performance appraisal for managerial and professional staff in Hong Kong and Britain, and considers the extent to which actual practice and employee preferences are in alignment. Findings suggest that appraisal may be more widespread in Hong Kong than in Britain. However, British appraisal tends to be more participative and to place greater emphasis on discussing objectives, development and career plans. Hong Kong appraisals appear to be more directive and Hong Kong respondents perceive a higher level of 'negative' appraiser behaviour. In spite of this, Hong Kong respondents show if anything slightly more confidence in the utility of appraisal than do British respondents. They show stronger support for appraisal's use for reward and punishment and less support for the objectives-setting and training and development uses than do the British sample. Hong Kong respondents are more likely than their British counterparts to favour involving a more senior manager in appraisal, and they are less likely to prefer more frequent appraisals. There was little evidence that Hong Kong respondents had a stronger preference for group-based appraisal criteria, although they did show more support than the British sample for the use of personality as a basis for appraisal. Overall, the suggestion is that appraisal has been adopted in Hong Kong organizations but that the practice of appraisal has been adapted to suit the cultural characteristics of the society.     

Narrative construction of expatriate experience and career cycle: discursive patterns in Finnish stories of international

Expatriate experience is not only a disconnected occasion for cross-cultural anxiety and adjustment but also an important event in the process of self-development and learning. Following this view and arguing for a discursive approach, the paper focuses on ways in which expatriates themselves tell and interpret their development and movement across expatriate career cycle. Meaning systems connecting expatriate job with previous and following work experiences in career stories of Finnish engineers and managers were identified using a combination of narrative and discourse analysis. No evidence was found of an autonomous expatriate discourse but, in contrast, expatriate career cycle was narrated using available organizational repertoires of development and career. Describing and discussing the meaning-making properties of three identified discourses - bureaucratic, occupational and enterprising - the paper emphasizes the organizational environment of expatriate experience while acknowledging the limits of these contemporary career vocabularies in addressing individual learning and change in cross-cultural settings.