中国政府“企业化”调控下的城市空间企业化现象

全球化带来全球经济的快速发展,同时也加大了各大城市之间的竞争,"企业化政府"的城市管治模式也越来越受到重视,但一味地以经济利益为导向,导致政府"企业化"现象日益严重,城市空间呈现企业化特征。通过比较分析"企业型政府"与"政府企业化"的行为模式,以城市空间迪斯尼化、城市中心商务区、门禁社区、标志性建筑为例概述中国城市空间发展中的企业化现象,总结分析中国城市空间企业化带来的问题并予以客观的评价。     

城市大事件营销的空间效应:研究进展及思考

在全球化过程营造的日益激烈的竞争发展环境中,被誉为城市空间增长"发动机"的大事件营销伴随着全球性的产业转移在我国得到了广泛开展.在我国社会经济乃至制度的转型过程中,大事件营销已经成为了一种典型的政府企业化的"空间过程",并深刻地影响着城市空间发展的演变.在对城市大事件营销空间效应的概念界定与研究综述的基础之上,从正反两...     

新型城镇化背景下土地财政模式的有效性与合理性探讨

地方政府在中国创造经济增长奇迹的过程中扮演了重要的角色,而土地财政模式则为地方政府实现竞争优势和发展提供了重要工具和手段。在紧扣社会经济变迁的宏观背景下,通过"企业化"的视角全面地解释地方政府的角色和行为,并从更长的时间维度和内涵体系,分析土地财政模式的原理和机制,探讨其有效性与合理性。研究认为,土地财政模式具有一定的经济有效性,促进了经济增长和城镇化进程,但地方政府过快的土地贴现,导致其有效性与合理性出现了分离,难以保障社会经济的可持续发展。若是超前的土地城镇化不能带来规模收益递增,且地方政府财政收支结构和筹资方式不改变,则城镇化的发展将不可持续。在新型城镇化背景下,需要进一步完善土地财政模式,使其继续发挥制度优势。     

市场化进程中地方政府经济行为模式与全要素生产率增长

地方政府经济行为模式由分税制改革以前的以"市场分割"为主要表现形式的经营企业转变为分税制改革以后以"土地开发"为主要表现形式的经营土地。本文采用多种计量模型分析了地方政府经济行为模式对全要素生产率的影响。结果表明,两种经济行为模式均显著制约全要素生产率增长,地方政府投资在地方政府经济行为对全要素生产率的影响中具有门限效应,经济行为模式的塑造需要政府通过投资予以强化。对全要素生产率结构分解的进一步分析表明,两种经济行为模式的影响差异显著:市场分割对全要素生产率和综合技术效率呈正U型关系;土地开发对全要素生产率和综合技术效率的负面效应不仅没有收敛反而呈加剧态势。为了实现经济转型,必须采取有效措施约束地方政府的自利经济行为。     

地方政府社会管理创新的路径与机制

随着中国改革进入深水区以及城乡一体化背景下的经济发展模式转型升级,社会管理创新和政府民主化变革成为新时期城乡社会管理需要迫切解决的课题。本文在城乡社会管理创新视角下,关注区域经济平衡发展与城镇化进程的关系,关注地方政府改革与城乡社会统筹机制建设,聚焦多元化社会管理创新机制的形成与路径设计,提出地方政府在探索城乡社会公共事业创新中,要努力实现由"管制型"政府机构到"善治型"公共服务机构的变革。文章阐述了需要将新的研究方法引入中国地方政府社会管理创新研究中。     

经济新常态触发的地方政府融资转型与匹配

在经历多年的高速增长后,中国经济全面进入新常态。地方政府过往形成的"以地生财、以财养地"相对均衡融资状态被打破。面对经济新常态,应加快地方政府融资转型、构建"升级版"融资模式是当务之急。在这个过程中,地方政府的融资应做到四个匹配:外部融资供给与地方政府融资需求的匹配、地方政府自身融资能力与融资需求的匹配、地方政府所融资金来源与资金用途的匹配、地方政府融资权利与融资责任的匹配。     

经济转型与国家治理模式演进——基于中国经验的研究

经济转型促使中国从传统的全能主义国家治理模式迈向政府—市场—公民社会三元并存与互补的现代国家治理模式。依据对国家治理模式内涵的界定,并从国家治理模式演进的视角出发对中国的转型经验进行的理论剖析表明,建立起"法治化的公共服务型政府"、"有效的市场经济体制"和"利益整合型公民社会"三位一体的现代国家治理模式,是中国在转型深化阶段面临的核心任务。     

消费型城市的增长方式及其影响研究——以北京市为例

随着中国经济增长方式与社会发展方式的转型,投资与出口作为推动经济与社会发展的两大引擎的作用逐渐弱化,而消费作为拉动城市经济与社会发展的第三大引擎的作用日益显著.消费需求不仅在城市经济结构调整中扮演着重要角色,更对传统城市规划的理念与模式产生了巨大的冲击,并深刻影响着城市空间结构的演变.本文阐述了消费型城市的概念,提出其特点,并以北京市为实例进行分析,最后对中国消费型城市在发展过程中所遇到的普遍问题及解决方案进行初步的探讨.     

地方政府“土地财政＂的成因及解决思路

土地收入作为一种地方政府的财政来源在我国经济增长模式和城市发展过程中起到了关键作用。然而土地财政对中国经济、社会乃至环境可持续发展带来了重大影响。通过分析地方政府“土地财政”的成因,并在此基础上提出合理的解决思路,以改变地方政府对于“土地财政”的依赖。     

城市治理中地方政府行为偏差的机制分析

随着社会转型、市场化和城市化的发展,城市治理中地方政府行为偏差的弊端日益突出.由于行为主体的复合性、利益差异化、动机逆向差序以及地方政府在城市治理中表现出的自我扩张、追求趋同、过度畸形的"行政区行政"状况以及沉没成本巨大、过度负债、短期化与表面化问题的出现.导致了社会冲突的增多.激励不相容、信息不对称和约束力量不足等严重的运行机制缺陷是其行为偏差频出的主要根源.矫正地方政府行为,必须建立科学有效的城市治理运行机制,突出政府行为的隐性成本和政绩的外延成本,实现城市治理主体的信息资源共享,拓宽公众利益保障渠道,硬化机制的约束力量.     

Who Builds Cities in China? How Urban Investment and Development Companies Have Transformed Shanghai

While there is general acceptance that urban governance in China is entrepreneurial in nature, little has been written about the precise ways in which Chinese cities implement entrepreneurial policies. In this article we argue that the primary agents of urban entrepreneurialism in China are urban investment and development companies (UIDCs), known in Chinese as chengtou for short. We start by defining UIDCs as a category of state-owned enterprise, but one that is wholly owned by local (often city) governments. We note that in the literature UIDCs are generally recognized for their involvement in raising funds for projects and piling up hidden debts, but their multiple roles in urban development tend to be neglected. We introduce here four UIDCs that have been largely responsible for the transformation of Shanghai into a modern city spearheading Chinese state entrepreneurialism, and in doing so we delineate the full range of the activities of these urban business empires. We argue in particular that they represent a corporate involvement by the state in urban development—the state presenting itself in the guise of a market player, a corporate entity able to raise funds and act as if it were a private company. UIDCs are the driving force behind China's urban entrepreneurialism and are without a clear parallel elsewhere.     

Demolishing the Present to Sell off the Future? The Emergence of ‘Financialized Municipal Entrepreneurialism’ in London

This article introduces a new mode of urban entrepreneurialism in London through a study of the state‐executed, speculative development and financialization of public land. In response to an intensifying housing crisis and austerity‐imposed fiscal constraints, municipalities in London are devising entrepreneurial solutions to deliver more housing. Among these ‘solutions’ can be found the early signs of the state‐executed financialization of public housing in the UK with the use of speculative council‐owned special purpose vehicles (SPVs) that replace existing public housing stock with mixed‐tenure developments, creating ambiguous public/private tenancies that function as homes and the basis for liquid financial assets. Drawing together parallel literatures on the financialization of urban governance and housing, and combining these with original empirical research, we situate these developments in contrast to earlier modes of governance, identifying a distinct mode of entrepreneurial governance in London: financialized municipal entrepreneurialism. The local state is no longer merely the enabler—limited to providing strategic oversight of the private sector—but financializes its practice in a reimagined commercialized interventionism, as property speculator. This article concludes that while the architects of this new mode of entrepreneurialism extol the increased capacity and control it provides, any such gains must be set against longer‐term financial, democratic and political risks.     

A Small Entrepreneurial City in Action: Policy Mobility,Urban Entrepreneurialism,and Politics of Scale in Jiyuan,China

This research details the mundane practices of policy mobility and entrepreneurial endeavour in Jiyuan in relation to the city's changing administrative position, and is one of the first attempts at understanding how entrepreneurial policies are mobilized, mutated and diffused in a small inland Chinese city. We interpret Jiyuan's evolving development strategies and trajectory through two interrelated conceptual lenses—policy mobility and urban entrepreneurialism—bridged by an analysis of the politics of scale. Over the past three decades, governance strategies in Jiyuan have evolved from policy imitation, during the germination of urban entrepreneurialism, to policy mutation and diffusion, under the amplification of entrepreneurialism, as the city has moved up the administrative levels and urban hierarchy. Policy mobility and urban entrepreneurialism in Jiyuan, involving a multi‐scalar process, are being shaped by the interactions between the city, the region, the central state and global capital under the confluence of globalization and marketization. The ‘successful’ story of a small entrepreneurial city tells a new tale that can inform wider contexts by painting a fuller portrait of the evolution of an entrepreneurial city across different scales and time and bringing cities hitherto ‘off the map’ back into the picture of urban entrepreneurialism against the backdrop of globalization.     

Urban Entrepreneurialism Vs Market Society: The Geography of China's Neoliberal Urbanism

Existing literature on China's neoliberal urbanism is preoccupied with its institutional incentives and political-economy dynamics, which are characterized by state dominance through sponsorship and supervision of capital-market operations that drive pro-growth aspirations and gentrification strategies. Meanwhile, society, confronted with brutal neoliberal production of urban space, is vulnerable to dispossession and displacement. In this article, we draw upon an ethnographic study conducted at the Higher Education Mega Centre (HEMC) of Guangzhou in an attempt to revisit China's neoliberal urbanism beyond the Marxian political-economy repertoire, and shift the theoretical focus from production to consumption. In an institutionalized neoliberal context, the state–market–society nexus is closely intertwined—a process that manifests itself as the entangling of state and market, the establishment of a market society, the reflexive effects between neoliberalization and Chinese urban entrepreneurialism, and the capital-centric rule in urban (re)development. In particular, the socioeconomic and sociospatial contradictions in the HEMC case indicate aggressive and insatiable production of urban space, which has been led by the entrepreneurial local state, but is bounded by the market-oriented and capital-centric rules of institutionalized neoliberalization. The article concludes by calling for pragmatic reflection on the ‘hard’ neoliberal urbanism of the global South.     

Playing with the Rules of the Game: Social Innovation for Urban Transformation

Innovation is perhaps the buzzword in local economic development policy. Associated narrowly with neoliberal ideas, conventional notions of innovation—like its capitalocentric counterparts, enterprise and entrepreneurialism—may promise higher productivity, global competitiveness and technological progress but do not fundamentally change the ‘rules of the game’. In contrast, an emerging field reimagines social innovation as disruptive change in social relations and institutional configurations. This article explores the conceptual and political differences within this pre‐paradigmatic field, and argues for a more transformative understanding of social innovation. Building on the work of David Graeber, I mobilize the novel constructs of ‘play’ and ‘games’ to advance our understanding of the contradictory process of institutionalizing social innovation for urban transformation. This is illustrated through a case study of Liverpool, where diverse approaches to innovation are employed in attempts to resolve longstanding socio‐economic problems. Dominant market‐ and state‐led economic development policies—likened to a ‘regeneration game’—are contrasted with more experimental, creative, democratic and potentially more effective forms of social innovation, seeking urban change through playing with the rules of the game. I conclude by considering how the play–game dialectic illuminates and reframes the way transformative social innovation might be cultivated by urban policy, the contradictions this entails, and possible ways forward.     

Informal Property Rights as Relational and Functional: Unravelling the Relational Contract in China's Informal Housing Market

In the face of state-led land grabs, enterprising Chinese peasants have started a revolution in the ambiguous and insecure rural tenure system by developing an extralegal property system known as the small property right (SPR). Using the SPR, peasants are able to capitalize on their property through the sale of houses built on collectively owned land. Little is known, however, about the specific process behind the development of the SPR by the peasants, or how this extralegal property system functions in terms of securing the use and transfer of property without the backing of law. This article aims to clarify the situation through the lenses of the Endogenous Nature of Institutions and Relational Contract Theory, aiming to understand the socially constructed, endogenous and relational nature of the property rights that make SPR functional. Based on an ethnographic investigation of Beijing's largest SPR housing settlement, we show how enterprising peasants develop long-term relational contracts with urban households for the provision of housing services, secured on the basis of the common interests and symbiosis of the two parties and a reputation system that serves to deter defaults. The discretionary treatment of SPR housing by local states serves as a further motivation for the village and the informal homeowners to preserve a stable property arrangement, with such a specific institutional setting being an exemplar of China's pragmatic state entrepreneurialism.     

SOCIALLY ENGAGED MUNICIPAL STATECRAFT IN URBAN CHINA? The Shenzhen Biennale as Situated Planning Experiment

In this article I build on scholarship that calls for attention to the interventionist role of the municipality in steering development beyond growth to introduce the situated planning experiment as a mechanism through which municipalities practice socially engaged statecraft. The situated planning experiment foregrounds place-based innovative planning practices that incorporate the participation of citizen intellectuals who act as advocates for marginalized groups in China. I frame the Shenzhen Urbanism\Architecture Biennale (UABB) as a situated planning experiment, tracing its influence on the municipality's shift in approach to planning for urban village redevelopment. I show how the UABB is leveraged as an instrument for the municipality to connect social and economic objectives in development and how it presents differentiated opportunities for migrant residents to make viable urban lives. The article offers one possibility for theorizing the changing relationship between municipal entrepreneurialism and urban planning and critically evaluates the potential for socially engaged municipal statecraft, considering the Xi regime's focus on people-oriented urbanization. It represents one way in which studies of municipal statecraft can consider the variegated logics and forms of emerging post-growth state programmes and politics.     

International Sister-Cities: Bridging the Global-Local Divide

With the demise of the sharp urban-rural divide as a framework for urban analyses, debates have arisen regarding the utility of the city as a theoretically significant construct. Recently however, the growing emphasis on globalization has brought the analysis of global cities into sharp focus. The countervailing trend emphasizes the significance of "the local." International sister-cities provide a site of analysis which illustrates the global-local interface and yet delves deeper. Initially conceived as a post-war means of developing friendships and cultural ties, sister-cities were based on similarities such as name or economic function. More recently, greater recognition has been given to the economic foundations and benefits of these connections. Providing an extension to an integrated approach to the study of sister-cities based on the multifold relationship between culture and commerce, this paper adds a further dimension by focusing on simultaneously operating multi-level entrepreneurial partnerships necessary to sustain active sister-city relationships. Drawing on New Zealand examples of twinning arrangements, it is demonstrated that the emergence and development of embedded partnership ties is vital to deriving sustainable economic and social benefits. While the global outreach of the sister-cities phenomenon appears to transcend the geographic confines of cities, strong locality considerations and local activism nevertheless predominate. A novel feature of this paper is the conceptualization of a hybrid form of entrepreneurialism, "municipal-community entrepreneurship," which is argued as a valuable facilitator of the economic and social vibrancy of cities. to the two cities, it is broadening out to include cultural and work exchanges.     

Collegial Entrepreneurialism

Abstract

In recent decades, Australian universities have corporatized. Encouraged by government policies, universities adopted modernization practices that have been widely questioned. ‘Collegial entrepreneurialism’ is an approach that builds on collegial processes to protect academic values from the excesses of modernization. This paper examines the perceptions of business academics about the impacts of modernization in autonomous graduate schools of business. The research was undertaken prior to the most recent wave of higher education reform under which most of these schools disappeared. Their experience of three consequences of modernization, ‘hard’ managerialism, academic consumerism and fragmentation of work, provides insight into whether collegiality and academic values can exist within an entrepreneurial academic unit. Results indicate that overt manifestations of modernization are not threatening to ‘collegial entrepreneurialism’. However, in the absence of academic leadership, the more covert influences of consumerism and fragmentation pose a threat to the survival of ‘collegial entrepreneurialism’.     

Sustainability of population growth: a case study of urban settlements in Israel

One of the most sensitive criteria for gauging the degree of socio-economic prosperity of an urban settlement is the ability to sustain stable rates of population growth by attracting newcomers and retaining existing population. The present paper argues that after reaching a particular size (on the average, 20–30, 000 residents), urban localities n Israel tend to experience substantial changes in components of their annual population growth. Starting with this inflection point, the growth of settlements gradually becomes less dependent on natural causes (birth and death rates) than on the ability to attract newcomers and retain current residents. On the basis of this conclusion, a strategy of "redirecting priorities" to developing the peripheral regions of the country is suggested. This strategy proposes the concentration of state and local financial resources on selected development Settlements until they reach the above population threshold and become more attractive for newcomers, followed by the sequential transfer of this support to other small urban localities in frontier areas. Although the present analysis was restricted to urban settlements in Israel, the mode of analysis and its applications for planning policy may be applicable to regional and urban physical planning elsewhere.