Planned or Prioritized? Two Options in Managing the Implementation of Strategic Decisions*

ABSTRACT This paper presents findings from a study of 55 cases of decision implementation. The research identifies a number of features that characterize the way implementation is managed which appear to enhance the chance of success. Analysis reveals patterns in the data indicating that these features fall into two groupings, giving rise to two distinct approaches to implementation management. These are termed the Experience‐based approach and the Readiness‐based approach from the initial conditions which give rise to each. Although following either approach may enhance decision performance, the greatest success is associated with a dual approach. Implementations that follow neither are generally less successful. A theory of implementation management is postulated, comprising a Planned Option and a Prioritized Option.     

我国中小企业实施ERP的问题及解决方法

中国加入WTO之后，企业的竞争环境发生了根本的变化，全球化、信息化、过剩的经济时代的到来，要求企业必须建立高效、动态的快速反应系统，信息化是企业的必然选择，也是提升企业竞争力的利器和手段。近年来，ERP市场如火如茶，许多企业已购买并使用ERP产品，但企业实施ERP难点多、矛盾多、不可控因素多，实施ERP并获得成功的企业甚少。本文针对当前我国中小企业实施ERP中存在问题进行了深入分析，存在的问题主要有企业的高层对实施ERP的目标不明确；错误地把上马ERP当作万能工具；企业基础管理薄弱，普遍存在无法可依、有法不依的现象：缺乏相应的ERP实施人才。并针对这些问题提出了相应解决办法，实施企业必须明确ERP项目实施的目标并制定实施项目的总目标、分目标与分阶段目标；考察和选择ERP厂商；必须有一批精通ERP管理思想、掌握软件技术，同时又有在中国环境下组织实施ERP项目经验的实施顾问队伍：重视培训，并贯穿始终：ERP实施阶段需要领导强有力推进和各方协调。     

EPC项目合同法律风险简析

EPC是工程建设项目总承包合同的一种管理手段,在国际上这种管理方式已经得到了认可,并且我国部分企业、单位中也已采用了管理模式。EPC项目中包含的法律风险除了存在施工过程中,还在项目建设的初始阶段一直到项目财务资金核算阶段中存在。本文将对EPC项目合同法律风险进行简要研究与分析。     

项目的最佳投资时机问题的研究

长期以来广泛应用的以货币的时间价值为着眼点的投资决策方法,暗含了管理者只能被动的拒绝或接受某投资项目的假设,或者说忽略了管理者的存在和作用,这显然与现实不符。用金融领域中的期权二项树理论,提出项目最佳投资时机的期权决策法,使企业作出的关于项目最佳投资时机的决策更加有效、合理;企业可以据此决定在什么情况下应该推迟对项目进行投资,在什么情况下应该立即投资。     

基于多案例的代建制项目关键风险识别研究

本文通过对国内15个典型代建制项目案例的汇总分析,提炼出政府投资项目代建制的实施障碍因素,在此基础上运用跨案例分析方法,识别出代建制项目的8个关键风险因素,并探讨了风险规避的措施建议。研究结论为政府委托人和代建人提高风险防范意识、合理规避项目风险以及代建制的全面推广提供了可借鉴的指导意义。     

论建筑施工企业如何防范常见风险

众所周知,建筑施工是一项规模庞大、结构复杂、因素众多的系统工程,同时也是一项高风险工程,对风险控制的成败直接关系着建筑企业的生存和可持续发展。本文着眼于建筑施工企业风险防范能力的提高,结合当前建筑施工企业常见的风险类型,就如何防范风险进行思考。     

中小型企业信息化管理变革风险分析与防范

电子信息技术的高速发展使企业管理模式发生了深刻的变化,信息化成为企业发展的核心竞争力之一。企业信息化管理变革是一项系统工程,涉及企业经营管理的多个方面,受到多种不确定性因素的影响,存在一定的风险,因此,如何防范规避风险,保障企业信息化管理变革的顺利实施是业界关注的焦点。     

企业工程项目管理中存在的风险及对策

企业工程项目的成功与否取决于项目管理的水平。而工程项目管理存在的风险贯穿项目管理的各个阶段和各个领域,是项目管理中的重点和难点。对这些风险进行有效的识别并找出有效的对策,才能以最为经济合理的方式消除风险可能导致的各种灾害性后果,保证顺利完成工程项目建设目标。文章通过对工程项目管理中存在的风险进行探讨,确定了针对风险的有效应对措施。     

浅谈国外工程EPC总承包项目存在的风险及规避

随着天辰公司更多的参与EPC总承包项目,风险控制的工作是否做得到位对企业来说显得更加重要,它关系着企业能否顺利地实施和交付项目,关系到企业的诚信问题。承包商在合同签订前和合同执行过程中要特别重视合同有关风险条款、项目实施成本风险、项目实施工程中因合同指定货币贬值而引起亏损、项目工期延误造成成本费用增加的风险等。应该加强对国外EPC总承包项目的风险识别和风险控制,我们可以选择一些科学的承包管理流程,进行规范的、正规的企业管理,以此来降低项目的执行风险,最大限度的保障企业的利益。     

Explicit expressions to counterparty credit exposures for Forward and European Option

With the fast development of over the counter (OTC) derivatives market, counterparty credit risk (CCR) has become one of the main risks that can even affect the survival of banks. As a result, it is essential to measure and manage CCR exposures. Giant financial institutions apply numerical methods such as the Monte Carlo to calculate exposures. However, the numerical methods usually cost a significant amount of time, and some advanced algorithms like distributed and parallel processing are usually used to accelerate the calculation. Nevertheless, for small banks, they cannot afford the calculation cost. In order to make small banks manage CCR more efficiently, this paper puts forward analytic models to measure CCR exposures and derives the explicit expressions to exposures for Forward contract and European Option, which are represented in the OTC market. The explicit expressions to credit exposures for Forward contract are derived under the assumption that the underlying market risk factors follow Geometric Brown Motion. For European Option case, the problem turns to be difficult since the analytic formula involves double-definite integral of Gaussian function that cannot be simplified into elementary functions. An approximating normal distribution function with integrability is proposed, then the analytic approximations of European Call Option’s credit exposures and maximum errors are presented.     

浅谈如何做好建设项目前期阶段的事前审计

从某企业建设项目实施过程中存在的主要问题为戒,阐述建设单位在项目前期阶段加强项目管理的必要性,并对审计部门在项目前期阶段如何做好事前审计,陈述思路与执行实践,供同业参考。     

离散制造业信息管理系统上线策略及方法的研究与实践

文章以国内一个离散制造型企业ERP系统上线为例,归纳了制造型企业信息管理系统上线策略及方法,给企业实施信息化项目提供了一种适用的方法。     

基于项目教学法的网络产品课程探讨

在竞争激烈的大环境下,企业对网络人才的需求随之变的多元化。为应对企业需求上的变化,加入了网络产品课程的学习。本文将对网络产品课程采用传统教学法存在的缺陷进行分析,为了解决这一问题,提出运用项目化教学法。首先对项目教学法在课程中进行应用分析,其次提出几点实施思考,最后指出在实施中应该注意的地方。     

Enterprise system implementation issues: learning from field study in Poland

This study examines enterprise system (ES) implementation issues on the basis of research conducted among practitioners dealing with ES projects in Poland. The particular topics investigated include mechanisms determining the success of ES implementations, project conditions and implementation effects. Using a success factors model and a synthetic measure of implementation success, this paper recognises the factors that have the greatest influence on implementation success. While researching project conditions, this study discusses how the ES projects researched were linked with enterprise strategy, how their efficiency was measured and to what extent they defined implementation goals. This paper analyses also the positive and negative effects of ES implementations. The effects investigated were divided into technical, economic, organisational and social results. During the analysis, the implementations examined were divided into groups of projects on the basis of their duration, scope and company size. The findings recognise the leading roles of certain factors among specific project groups and suggest that participants from the most complicated projects are most aware of the overwhelming implementation challenge. The analysis reveals some differences in perceptions and attitudes between stakeholders involved in an implementation project. Managerial and research issues are discussed, together with country-specific aspects.     

施工项目的成本控制--信誉付款

施工企业的资金大都匮乏，由此对施工项目的管理带来了一定的困堆，同时也带来了一定的风险，如何进行施工项目的成本管理，如何降低施工项目管理的风险一直是施工企业管理者关注的问题。     

企业风险管理与内部控制的实施策略应用思考

当前,随着社会经济的不断发展,企业在运行过程中存在一系列的风险,这些风险对企业的发展造成了负面影响。所以企业管理人员应根据项目在实际运行过程中遇到的一些问题,制定合理的方案措施,并发掘项目管理潜在的风险,提前做好风险评估工作,这既有利于推动企业可持续发展,也让企业在运行的过程中保证自身的安全性。论文提出企业应通过实施有效的策略方案、落实风险管理制度,确保企业稳定运行。     

Managing Risks in Complex Projects

Dealing effectively with risks in complex projects is difficult and requires management interventions that go beyond simple analytical approaches. This is one finding of a major field study into risk management practices and business processes of 35 major product developments in 17 high‐technology companies. Almost one‐half of the contingencies that occur are not being detected before they impact project performance. Yet, the risk‐impact model presented in this article shows that risk does not affect all projects equally but depends on the effectiveness of collective managerial actions dealing with specific contingencies. The results of this study discuss why some organizations are more successful in detecting risks early in the project life cycle, and in decoupling risk factors from work processes before they impact project performance. The field data suggest that effective project risk management involves an intricately linked set of variables, related to work process, organizational environment, and people. Some of the best success scenarios point to the critical importance of recognizing and dealing with risks early in their development. This requires broad involvement and collaboration across all segments of the project team and its environment, and sophisticated methods for assessing feasibilities and usability early and frequently during the project life cycle. Specific managerial actions, organizational conditions, and work processes are suggested for fostering a project environment most conducive to effective cross‐functional communication and collaboration among all stakeholders, a condition important to early risk detection and effective risk management in complex project situations.     

不确定条件下对称企业R&D项目的期权博弈分析

为了对市场不确定性条件下的企业项目价值进行评价,文章通过构建期权博弈模型对对称企业的研究与开发(R&D)项目投资行为进行了研究,并采用了最小二乘法的蒙特卡罗模拟(LSM)方法对模型进行了仿真求解,得到了两企业R&D项目的价值。研究结果显示,LSM方法与期权博弈相结合做法具有可行性,对企业进行项目价值的评估具有参考价值和指导意义。     

Supply chain assessment methodology

This article describes an assessment methodology based on the supply chain proficiency model that can be used to set realistic supply chain objectives. The assessment centers on a business model that identifies the logical stages of supply chain proficiency as measured against a comprehensive set of business characteristics. For each characteristic, an enterprise evolves from one stage to the next. The magnitude of change inherent in moving forward usually prohibits skipping stages. Although it is possible to be at different stages for each characteristic, it is usually desirable to maintain balance.     

Procurement and innovation risk management: How a public client managed to realize a radical green innovation in a civil engineering project

Public clients’ decisions on the procurement and contracting of civil engineering projects have far-reaching effects on the development and implementation of innovations. Two decades ago, a trend towards the use of integrated contracts started to improve constructability and stimulate innovations. However, for radical innovations, the unilateral allocation of innovation risks to the main contractor is undesirable since most of the associated innovation risks are difficult to assess and manage due to the inherent uncertainties. An in-depth case study was used to investigate the development and application of an alternative public-client-led approach to realizing a radical innovation in a civil engineering project. This study shows that: (1) government championship, through a proactive participation of the public client in the initiation, development and implementation of the project and the willingness to bear innovation risks; (2) the application of innovation risk management strategies and the availability of a fall back option; (3) the establishing of favourable organizational and relational conditions, were determinative factors for the successful development and implementation of the intended radical innovation. Furthermore, seven propositions have been derived that together provide instruments through which public clients can actively promote the development and implementation of radical innovations in civil engineering projects.Subject classification codesManaging Project Risk; Managing Project Innovation; Contract Procurement and Tendering