新准则中公允价值有关问题的探讨

我国新准则将公允价值作为一种计量属性,对于会计核算具有非常重要的意义,为会计信息使用人提供更有用的决策信息。本文首先从我国新准则应用公允价值的实际意义出发,论述了新准则中公允价值的主要应用,以及实务中公允价值的确定方法。     

浅议公允价值的计量属性

2006年2月，国家财政部颁布了新会计准则，引入公允价值是其核心内容之一。这标志着公允价值在我国的研究和应用进入了一个崭新的时期，也是我国会计计量属性一次新的跨越和历史性突破。笔者拟在介绍公允价值概念的基础上，通过对公允价值推广的意义、原因及问题进行探讨，提出推广、运用公允价值应采取的措施。研究公允价值计量属性，有助于人们更好地理解新会计准则，更好地了解企业的财务状况，更好地作出财务决策，规避风险，获取收益。     

关于公允价值的计量属性的探讨

公允价值是随着经济发展,用户对会计信息质量要求的不断提高,历史成本不能满足用户决策的需要而产生的。我国2006年的新企业会计准则提出适度引入公允价值,这无疑成为一个亮点。本文阐述公允价值的概念,提出获取公允价值的两种技术并分析了公允价值在现实中的运用以及公允价值在运用中存在的局限性。     

公允价值获取方法研究

公允价值被公认为是我国2006年新会计准则的最大亮点。随着我国新会计准则的发布与实施．公允价值在实际运用中的问题日益凸现．其中最大的难题在于如何获取真实、可靠的公允价值。本文从公允价值的含义、本质、特征的分析入手．探讨了解决公允价值的可靠性问题．提出了获取公允价值的方法．     

试论公允价值在我国新会计准则中的应用

在我国新会计准则中会计目标的确定受到了决策有用观和受托责任观的双重影响,因而在新会计准则计量属性的确定中公允价值得到了广泛的应用,但由于受我国经济发展状况的影响,公允价值在我国的应用受到了一定的限制,主要体现在公允价值应用的非主导性和应用条件的苛刻性方面。     

新会计准则中公允价值的应用

本次准则修改的重中之中是会计核算采用公允价值作为会计计量，从而更好地体现了会计信息对投资决策的实用性。公允价值是一种具有明显可观察性和决策相关性的会计信息。由子我国目前市场经济还不够成熟，加之会允价值计量实际操作难度大，会计信息质量的可靠性难以保证，公允价值在我国新会计制度中的应用有较严格的限制。从公允价值的概念出发、探讨了公允价格的确定方法，同时，还对公允价值的相关性及其可靠性进行了分析。     

新会计准则中的最大亮点——公允价值应用

公允价值在我国新会计准则中得到了大量的应用.本文在阐述公允价值内涵的基础上,着重分析了公允价值在我国新修订及新增加的会计准则中的应用情况,并指出了公允价值在新会计准则运用中存在的问题.     

上市公司公允价值计量与股票定价的相关性分析

公允价值计量随新会计准则的颁布而出现,在各种金融工具中运用得越来越多.公允价值比历史成本更符合决策有用观的会计目标,使会计信息更具相关性,对广大投资者的投资决策影响越发重要,表现形式为影响股票价格的涨落.因此,通过运用描述性分析和回归分析,探讨广西上市公司公允价值计量对于股票定价的相关性,为出资者决策提供了-定的参考价值,也为我国新会计准则中公允价值计量更加广泛地运用提供了实证支持.     

价值计量的现值和公允价值

现值技术和公允价值会计是当前国际会计的两个前沿问题。文章评述了国内外现值和公允价值的相关研究,剖析了现值和公允价值研究的难点,并论述了公允价值在我国新会计准则中的运用。     

公允价值计量模式研究

公允价值计量问题一直是学术界讨论的热点,新会计准则的实施使公允价值计量开始成为实务界关注的重要会计问题。本文系统地介绍了公允价值计量模式,论证了公允价值计量模式产生、发展的历史必然性,并针对我国的现实情况提出了对公允价值计量模式实施的建议。     

企业盈利水平、会计政策与权益账面价值的相关性分析

本文研究了企业所有者权益账面价值与其公允价值间的定量关系,通过对相应的计量模型进行推导并分析表明,企业的盈利水平和会计政策是影响权益会计计量价值相关性的决定性因素。在此基础上,本文对于以账面价值为基础评估权益的市场价值,以及会计信息价值相关性的经验性研究,提出了相关建议。     

所有者权益价值会计计量问题探讨

所有者权益价值计量是否准确,核算是否科学,不仅影响股东的权益,而且还决定它提供的会计信息是否有用。本文对所有者权益账面价值与市场价值差异、不同计量模式下所有者权益价值、公允价值计量模式下的所有者权益等问题进行了初步的研究和探讨。     

股票期权费用化后的股权稀释和信息披露研究

本文从目前股票期权会计处理的国际动向出发,对股票期权费用化对股东权益稀释的影响,运用模型和实例进行了分析,对不同会计准则在反映稀释影响及会计信息披露的区别作了比较分析,剖析了我国股票期权会计及披露实务中的问题,结合我国实际提出了今后的设想。     

公允价值计量模式下所有者权益问题探讨

所有者权益计量是否准确、真实,不仅影响股东的权益,而且还决定它提供的会计信息是否有用。实际中我们发现,在现行的公允价值计量模式下,会计计量的所有者权益与股权价值相差较大,本文针对这一问题进行了分析,并提出相应的解决方法。     

私募股权投资、内部控制与会计稳健性

以2010—2017年我国创业板上市公司为样本,研究私募股权投资、内部控制和会计稳健性的关系。研究发现,有私募股权投资参与的上市公司其会计稳健性普遍高于无私募股权投资参与的上市公司,且私募股权投资持股比例越高,被投资公司的会计稳健性越好,因此私募股权投资在我国发挥了一定的公司治理作用,提高了企业会计信息质量。此外,研究发现上市公司内部控制能显著降低私募股权投资对会计稳健性的正向作用,即内控较好的上市公司,私募股权投资对会计稳健性的影响会削弱,因此私募股权投资和内部控制两者在提高会计稳健性方面存在替代效应。研究结论进一步补充了私募股权投资与内部控制公司治理作用的文献,具有重要的理论意义和参考价值。     

产权观下我国企业会计目标构建问题研究

会计目标一直是西方会计界重点关注和研究的问题,近年来,我国会计理论界和实务界也对其投以越来越多的关注。本文试图从企业产权理论和制度变迁的角度,以利益相关者权益保护为主线研究会计目标,理清从受托责任观到决策有用观演进的必然性和合理性,并在分析英美、法德模式会计目标的差异后,结合当前我国会计准则国际趋同的背景,提出我国应确立以利益相关者权益保护为中心、以企业特征为导向、针对不同环境分别选择受托责任或决策有用为核心内容的会计目标构建思想。     

The Impact of Mandatory IFRS Adoption on Equity Valuation of Accounting Numbers for Security Investors in the EU

Motivated by the European Union (EU) decision to mandate application of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to the consolidated financial statements of all EU listed firms (Regulation (EC) 1606/2002), starting in December 2005, we compare the value relevance of accounting information in 14 European countries in the year prior to and the year of the mandatory adoption of the IFRS. We focus on three accounting information items for which measurements under IFRS are likely to differ considerably from measurements under domestic accounting practices across the EU countries prior to the introduction of the international standards: goodwill, research and development expenses (R&D), and asset revaluation. These three items, selected on an a priori basis, have been shown in previous research to differ in the effect of uncertainty on their future benefits. We use valuation models that include these three variables and in addition the book value of equity and earnings. Overall, our study suggests that the adoption of the IFRS has increased the value relevance of the three accounting numbers for investors in equity securities in the EU. Association tests support our two hypotheses: (1) in the year prior to the mandatory adoption of the IFRS, the incremental value relevance to investors of the three domestic GAAP-based accounting items was greater in countries where the respective domestic standards were more compatible with the IFRS; and (2) the higher the deviation of the three domestic GAAP-based accounting items from their corresponding IFRS values, the greater the incremental value relevance to investors from the switch to IFRS. These associations prevail when considering cross-country differences in the institutional environments, which tend to provide complementary effects.     

The pricing accuracy of alternative equity valuation models: Scandinavian evidence

In many decision contexts, there is a need for benchmark equity valuations, based on simplified modeling and publicly available information. Prior research on U.S. data however shows that the accuracy of such valuation models can be low and sensitive to the choice of model specifications and value driver predictions. In this paper, we test the applicability and pricing accuracy of three fundamental valuation (dividend discount, residual income, and abnormal earnings growth) models, all based on forecasts of company dividends, earnings, and/or equity book values. Extending prior research, we apply these models to Scandinavian firms with accounting data from the period 2005–2014, explicitly testing two approaches for the prediction of the value drivers—exogenously forecasted numbers versus projected historical numbers. Given access to the forecasted value drivers, the dividend discount model comes out as the most accurate valuation model. In particular, this holds in a comparison between the most parsimonious model specifications. The residual income valuation model generates the best pricing accuracy given the prediction of value drivers based on historical financial numbers. Notably, we observe pricing errors that in general are lower than what has been reported in prior U.S.‐based research for the dividend discount and the residual income valuation models. The pricing accuracy of the abnormal earnings growth models is surprisingly weak in the Scandinavian setting. However, these models improve somewhat after a couple of complexity adjustments, in particular with value driver predictions based on the projected history setting.     

现代金融工具确认与计量的国际案例研究

通过分析金融衍生工具的国际会计报告标准,结合跨国公司在本土和海外融资与金融投资活动案例,剖析现代金融衍生工具业务活动的会计核算实务技巧与方法;着重可转换债券、可供出售的金融资产、贸易性债权融资、金融资产公允价值和金融衍生投资产品等金融衍生工具交易中隐含的权益分离会计核算法和成本分摊会计核算法的应用程序和计量要点,为我国企事业单位金融投资财务决策与管理层提供务实可行的现代金融衍生工具业务报告分析与会计核算处理的有效途径。     

The Decision Usefulness of Fair Value Accounting – A Theoretical Perspective

ABSTRACT

Regulators such as the SEC and standard setting bodies such as the FASB and the IASB argue the case for the conceptual desirability of fair value measurement, notably on the relevance dimension. Recent standards on financial instruments and certain non-financial items adopt the new measurement paradigm. This paper takes issue with the notion of decision usefulness of a fair-value-based reporting system from a theoretical perspective. Emphasis is put on the evaluation of the theoretical soundness of the arguments put forward by regulators and standard setting bodies. The analysis is conducted as economic (a priori) analysis. Two approaches to decision usefulness are adopted, the measurement or valuation perspective and the information perspective. Findings indicate that the decision relevance of fair value measurement can be justified from both perspectives, yet the conceptual case is not strong. The information aggregation notion that underlies standard setters' endorsement of fair value measurement turns out to be theoretically restricted in its validity and applicability. Also, comparative analysis of fair value accounting vs. historical cost accounting yields mixed results. One immediate implication of the research – a condition for the further implementation of fair value accounting – is the need to clarify standard setters' notion of accounting income, its presumed contribution to decision relevance and its disaggregation.