产业集聚:外部性与企业效率的实证分析

本文以行业内集聚和跨行业集聚经济所引致的外部性为视角,利用沿海地区制造行业四位数行业数据,实证分析了产业集群、产业外部性与企业效率的关系。研究发现,中国沿海地区行业内集聚和跨行业集聚在制造业中普遍存在,跨行业集聚仍处于劣势;产业外部性与企业效率有显著的依存关系,产业外部性在一定条件下利于企业效率提高,高效率企业是外部性的重要源泉;不同制造业之间集聚方式差异性大,专业化行业内集聚明显,而多样化产业跨行业集聚明显。     

中国制造产业专业化集聚比多样化集聚更有利于提高能源效率吗?

采用2006—2016年我国省际制造业20个行业的面板数据,利用空间计量模型探究不同“邻近”矩阵下哪种类型的产业集聚对提升能源效率更有利,结果表明：在四种“邻近”权重矩阵（地理位置、地理距离、经济距离和嵌套权重）下,我国省际能源效率均呈现显著的正向空间关联关系,且我国制造业的产业专业化比多样化更有助于提升能源效率;东中西部地区制造业不同类型的产业集聚对能源效率的作用效果存在差异,东中西部地区产业多样化对能源效率提升均具有显著的促进作用;东部地区的产业专业化对能源效率提升具有抑制作用,即同一产业的溢出会对能源效率提升产生抑制效应,而中西部地区的产业专业化所发挥的作用要远大于产业多样化。     

生产性服务业集聚推进城市化了吗？

本文在外部性和新经济地理综合框架下研究中国284个地级市生产性服务业集聚对城市化的影响。结果显示,生产性服务业专业化和多样化集聚对城市化具有显著的技术溢出效应,且专业化集聚作用效果更明显;而生产性服务业空间集聚规模则通过市场外部性作用于城市化。生产性服务业专业化集聚对西部地区影响大于东、中部,而多样化集聚和空间集聚规模的作用由东向西依次递减;国内市场、国际市场亦对各地区生产性服务业集聚效应产生不同程度的影响     

区域制造业空间效应及生产性服务业发展模式选择

通过空间计量模型考察生产性服务业发展模式与制造业集聚的空间溢出效应后发现:生产性服务业专业化水平及多样化水平与制造业集聚呈倒U型关系,同时城市化水平会对服务业发展模式与制造业集聚关系产生影响。分区域模型研究发现,生产性服务业对制造业全要素生产率影响因区域经济发展水平、产业层次、要素禀赋等因素有所差异,东部地区制造业全要素生产率与生产性服务业呈线性关系,适合选择多样化发展模式;中部地区呈倒U型关系,现阶段中部地区生产性服务业更适合选择多样化发展模式;西部地区生产性服务业发展水平与制造业全要素生产率呈正U型关系,生产性服务业专业化和多样化发展都将促进制造业全要素生产率提升。     

产业集聚对长江经济带高质量发展的影响

产业集聚对长江经济带高质量发展的内在作用机理表现在产业集聚对经济增长动力、经济增长结构、经济增长稳定性的影响,以及产业集聚对福利与成果分配、对资源利用与环境保护的影响。通过对2003—2016年长江经济带省级面板数据的实证分析,发现产业集聚对长江经济带高质量发展具有差异化影响。具体表现为:制造业集聚能够显著促进长江经济带高质量发展,服务业集聚对长江经济带高质量发展起到抑制作用。进一步从服务业细分行业集聚以及专业化和多样化集聚角度分析对长江经济带高质量发展的影响,结果显示,生产性服务业与消费性服务业集聚能够促进长江经济带高质量发展,而公共性服务业集聚则抑制长江经济带高质量发展;生产性服务业专业化与多样化集聚以及消费性服务业专业化集聚均能显著促进长江经济带高质量发展,而公共性服务业专业化集聚抑制长江经济带高质量发展。     

产业集聚对长江经济带高质量发展的影响北大核心

产业集聚对长江经济带高质量发展的内在作用机理表现在产业集聚对经济增长动力、经济增长结构、经济增长稳定性的影响,以及产业集聚对福利与成果分配、对资源利用与环境保护的影响。通过对2003—2016年长江经济带省级面板数据的实证分析,发现产业集聚对长江经济带高质量发展具有差异化影响。具体表现为:制造业集聚能够显著促进长江经济带高质量发展,服务业集聚对长江经济带高质量发展起到抑制作用。进一步从服务业细分行业集聚以及专业化和多样化集聚角度分析对长江经济带高质量发展的影响,结果显示,生产性服务业与消费性服务业集聚能够促进长江经济带高质量发展,而公共性服务业集聚则抑制长江经济带高质量发展;生产性服务业专业化与多样化集聚以及消费性服务业专业化集聚均能显著促进长江经济带高质量发展,而公共性服务业专业化集聚抑制长江经济带高质量发展。     

制造业转型升级与地区经济增长

本文在借助模糊C均值聚类法对制造业进行劳动-资本-技术三类要素密集型产业划分的基础上,对各省市制造业的转型升级情况进行分析,发现中国制造业转型升级整体上呈现出东部转型升级层次最高、趋势最明显,中部其次,西部转型升级层次最低、趋势最弱的特征。然后基于省级面板数据,分别采用个体固定效应不变系数模型和个体固定效应变系数模型对制造业转型升级与地区经济增长的关系进行进一步的实证分析。前者结果表明内涵于制造业转型升级过程的资本密集型产业和技术密集型产业具有显著的经济增长效应,后者结果表明发展水平不同的各省市之间存在很大差异,较发达的东部地区大多数省市制造业转型升级对经济增长具有显著的促进作用,而较为落后的中西部地区大多数省市制造业转型升级对经济增长具有显著的抑制作用或不具有显著影响。因此,未来对中国不同区域、不同省市应有针对性、有重点地加以支持和引导,以推动中国制造业一体化联动转型升级。     

政府支持、产业集聚与高技术产业技术创新

产业集聚是促进高技术产业技术创新的重要途径,政府支持能够推动产业集聚,并影响产业集聚与高技术产业技术创新之间的关系。运用2000~2016年高技术产业省级面板数据进行实证研究,检验产业集聚对高技术产业技术创新的影响以及政府支持对该关系的影响。研究发现,专业化集聚与集群内竞争与技术创新间存在倒“U”型关系,多样化集聚与技术创新间存在“U”型关系,政府支持会放大产业集聚在不同水平下对技术创新的影响。从选取的样本来看,多数产业处于专业化集聚和集群内竞争拐点的左侧,东部地区部分产业接近或跨过多样化集聚水平的拐点。     

生产性服务业集聚的绿色发展效应检验北大核心

基于2004~2019年省级面板数据,实证检验生产性服务业专业化集聚与多样化集聚的绿色发展效应,结果显示:整体而言,生产性服务业的两种集聚与产业自身绿色发展之间存在倒“U”型关系。进一步采用空间模型研究发现,专业化集聚对周边生产性服务业绿色发展的空间溢出效应呈倒“U”型,而多样化集聚的影响显著为负。此外,分地区检验发现:东部地区生产性服务业专业化集聚的影响与整体结果一致,而多样化集聚起直接推动作用;中部地区两种集聚的影响均呈倒“U”型,但各省专业化集聚水平已接近甚至突破了拐点;西部地区仅有专业化集聚的影响显著并呈“U”型,区域内各省仍在曲线左侧,尚未发挥出推动作用。     

珠三角城市制造业聚集与分工研究

通过分析珠三角城市制造业的统计数据,从地区专业化系数、产业结构差异系数和空间分布差异系数及区位商的分析,对珠江三角洲地区6个城市的制造业聚集水平进行评价.结果表明:珠三角城市制造业存在产业同构化现象;珠三角城市制造业的聚集效应明显,专业化水平呈平稳上升趋势,而东莞市等城市的专业化水平有所下降;珠三角城市的制造业聚集逐渐由劳动密集型产业向技术密集型产业转型.     

Economic Structure and Local Growth: France, 1984–1993

For 52 industry sectors and 42 services sectors, this paper tests how the local economic structure (local sectoral specialization and diversity, competition, average size of plants, and total employment density) affects the 1984–1993 employment growth of 341 local areas. These areas entirely and continuously cover the French territory. The impact of the local economic structure differs in industry and services. In industrial sectors, local total employment density, competition, and plant size always reduce local growth. Sectoral specialization and diversity have a negative impact on growth, but also increase the growth of a few sectors. Service sectors always exhibit negative specialization effects and positive diversity effects. Competition and plant size have a negative impact and density a positive one, but exceptions are observed for some sectors.     

Local Economic Structure and Growth

Abstract

This paper tests how the local economic structure—measured by local sector specialization, competition and diversity—affects growth of manufacturing sectors. Most of the empirical literature assumes that in the long run more productive regions will attract more workers and use employment growth as a measure of local productivity growth. However, this approach is based on strong assumptions, such as those of national labour markets and homogeneous labour. This paper shows that if we relax these assumptions, regional adjusted wage growth is a better measure of productivity growth than employment growth. This measure is used in order to study regional growth in Portuguese regions between 1985 and 1994. Evidence is found of MAR externalities in some sectors and no evidence of Jacobs or Porter externalities in most of the sectors. These results are at odds with the findings for employment-based regressions, which show that regional concentration and the region's size have a negative effect in most of the sectors. It is also shown that simply using regional wage growth would overstate the effect of regional concentration and competition on long-run growth.     

制造业聚集、知识溢出与区域创新绩效——以我国医药、电子及通讯设备制造业为例的实证研究

本文的目的是探讨制造业生产行为聚集所产生的各类知识溢出对区域创新绩效的影响。这些溢出包括知识的专业化溢出、多样化溢出和空间溢出。对我国医药、电子及通讯设备制造业实证分析的结果显示,知识的专业化溢出对两类制造业的区域创新存在积极影响;多样化溢出对医药制造业区域创新绩效的影响为正,对电子及通讯设备制造业的影响为负。实证结果表明,各类知识溢出对区域创新绩效的影响存在行业间差异和国家间差异。     

Local employment growth in West Germany: A dynamic panel approach

In this paper we study the dynamics of local employment growth in West Germany from 1980 to 2001. Using dynamic panel techniques, we analyse the timing of the impact of diversity and specialisation, as well as of the human capital structure of local industries. Diversity has a positive effect on employment growth in the short run, which is stronger in manufacturing than in services. Concerning specialisation we find also positive effects. They are, however, not strong enough to reinforce growth permanently, since there is mean reversion in the process. A positive effect of education is only found in manufacturing. Additionally, we look at the impact of firm size and regional wages on local employment growth.     

Knowledge,diversity and entrepreneurship: a spatial analysis of new firm formation in Great Britain

This paper argues that the diversity of a region's knowledge stock and its balance between knowledge-based manufacturing and services are both important determinants of variations in the rate of new business formation across spatial areas. An empirical study of new firm formation across 408 local unitary authorities and districts in Great Britain over the period 2001–2007 is presented, taking explicit account of the interactions amongst spatial units through an econometric modelling procedure involving maximum likelihood spatial models and alternative spatial weighing matrices. The results indicate that both related and unrelated knowledge diversity have a positive impact on the rate of business formation, whilst aggregate local economy-wide industrial and ethnic diversity has no impact; the division of the knowledge stock between services and manufacturing is also significant, with services having a positive impact on new business formation in contrast to a negative impact for high-technology manufacturing. There is also some support for the view that low wages and economic inactivity constrain new business formation, whilst a competitive regional environment has a positive impact. The results imply that polices should be aimed at creating a diverse set of knowledge-based industries rather than specialization in a narrow range.     

The effect of banking market structure on the volatility of growth of manufacturing sectors in developing countries

I explore the effect of banking concentration and banking competition on the volatility of the growth of value added of manufacturing sectors in the developing countries. In this paper, I bring together two strands of literature, one that discusses the effect of financial intermediation on volatility of growth and another one that discusses the effect of banking concentration and competition on credit access. Following the industrial organization literature, I look at the effect of banking competition and banking concentration on the volatility of manufacturing sectors separately. I find that banking concentration has a dampening effect on the volatility of growth of the industries. On the other hand, I find that as banking competition increases, the volatility of the growth of industries increases, also.     

论国际垂直专业化分工的工资效应——基于浙江制造业数据的实证分析

在全球生产网络化的背景下,中国制造业广泛参与国际垂直专业化分工,对劳动收入分配产生了重要影响。本文以外向经济较为发达的浙江省为例,测算了浙江26个制造业部门参与垂直专业化分工的程度,并就垂直化专业分工对浙江制造业工资收入的影响进行了实证分析。研究结果显示:浙江制造业部门参与国际垂直专业化分工总体上提升了行业工资收入水平;垂直专业化分工对制造业工资收入的促进作用在资本密集型行业中比在劳动密集型行业中更大。本文最后就如何提升浙江制造业工资水平、缩小行业工资差距提出了相应对策建议。     

中国地区专业化促进经济增长的实证研究:1990～2007年

地区专业化对经济增长的影响是多方面的。本文从两个层面剖析中国地区专业化对经济增长的影响。首先,运用全域专业化指数对中国地区专业化进行整体测度,考察中国地区专业化与经济发展水平之间的演变规律;设计地区加权区位商指数,分析各省区市专业化部门综合实力的演化趋势。进而,直接测度中国各地区专业化部门对地区经济增长的贡献;通过偏离份额分析法分别对四大区域专业化部门促进工业经济增长的结构效应和生产率效应进行测算和分析。最后,基于上述实证研究进行总结并提出相关建议。     

Returns to specialization,competition, population,and growth

Using an expanding-variety endogenous growth model with purposive human capital accumulation, this paper provides an alternative explanation of why we may observe an ambiguous correlation between product market competition (PMC) and economic growth, and between population and economic growth rates. Our explanation is based on the notion of ‘returns to specialization’. Under the model's assumptions, PMC and economic growth are ambiguously correlated when returns to specialization are decreasing, whereas population growth and productivity growth are ambiguously correlated when returns to specialization are increasing. From a theoretical point of view, these results are explained by the presence or absence of an ‘increasing production-complexity’ effect associated to the use of a larger number of intermediate-input varieties in the same production process.     

Industry Agglomerations and Employment Change in Non-Metropolitan Areas

The purpose of this study is to determine the role of industry agglomerations on industry-level employment change in non-metro areas of the United States. Regression analysis of cross-sectional data is used to estimate the determinants of non-metro 1981–1992 employment change for ten two-digit SIC manufacturing industries. Industry agglomerations in metro and non-metro areas are identified using cluster analysis. Area characteristics included in the regression equations are diversity of the local economy, industry mix, average plant size and availability of urbanization economies. The findings indicate that industry agglomerations were associated with both larger employment gains in areas with growing industry employment and larger employment losses for areas with declining employment. Neither regional specialization in the industry nor nearby metro agglomerations were significant determinants of employment change in non-metro areas.