我国收入分配不平等与经济增长关系的数量探析

改革开放以来,我国经济增长速度举世瞩目,但是同时收入分配不平等程度也在逐渐扩大。这说明不平等与经济增长之间可能具有一定关系。本文采用计量模型选用我国1982年到2009年的基尼系数和人均国内生产总值对不平等和经济增长进行计量分析。通过时间序列平稳性检验以及协整检验,证实了两者具有长期均衡关系。并且这种均衡关系构成了单向的因果关系——经济增长是导致收入分配不平等的Granger原因,即经济增长会促进收入分配不平等的扩大。     

基于收入分布的亲贫困增长测度及其分解

亲贫困增长主要是指能够使贫困群体参与经济活动并从中得到更多好处的经济增长.在论述经济增长、不平等与贫困规模变动相关关系的基础上,本文构建了一种新的基于收入分布的亲贫困测度与分解方法,并通过对我国农村住户调查数据的实证分析得出结论:现阶段应充分考虑分配政策和经济增长政策的结合使用,使经济增长与分配效应在一定的比例下相互弥补,在合适的收入差距下保持一定的经济增长.     

论中央与地方关系中的经济政策博弈

中央和地方关系无疑是国家制度建设的一个重要的内容,也是中国政治改革的重要方面.不可否认,两者之间存在着很多严重的问题.改革开放以来,中国的经济保持高速持续的增长,但同时也带来了地区和产业发展的不平衡,这种不平衡反映到居民收入上,就造成收入分配的不平等,从而为今后的经济持续稳定增长理下隐患.合理的经济结构调整政策应该力求弱化这种不平等局面,本文通过分析中国自改革开放以来中央宏观经济政策对地方政府的影响,以及地方政府结合自身利益进行政府治理创新自我推进的研究,结果显示市场化进程本身带来了地区和产业的经济发展差距的扩大,进而造成收入分配不均,而政府过去的结构调整政策效果有限.因此,本文以期为行政改革中的政府找到更准确的角色定位,使政府在处理与其他利益主体间的关系时发挥更有效的作用.     

收入不平等与经济增长的经济分析:文献述评

本文研究了收入不平等的近期文献,探讨了收入不平等现象与经济增长关系.在经济增长过程中,一般来说,不平等对经济增长有害.然而,当谈到富裕国家收入分配的上限时,更高的不平等促进经济增长,而且这种关系变得积极.另外,在社会福利方面,通常认为是收入不平等增加,社会普遍福利将减少;但至少目前来看,随着经济的快速增长,引起了普遍社会福利的增加,可能会导致收入差距减少,一般福利下降的情况.收入不平等现象的加剧不利于国家的经济发展和社会的稳定.收入不平等对经济增长并不必然具有负面效应,也不一定使得社会福利的整体水平下降.但如何减少收入不平等才能实现包容性增长是一个值得研究的重要议题.     

中国地区经济增长的收敛性:时间序列的经验研究

本文运用Bernard & Durlarf (1995,1996)的时间序列分析法,通过对中国东中西部三大地区内和地区间人均产出序列的协整关系检验,从一个新的视角研究了我国地区内和地区间经济增长的收敛性。实证结果表明,东部和西部地区内的经济增长具有收敛性,而中部地区内和三大地区间的经济增长却不存在收敛趋势。另一个发现是中部各省的经济增长在长期受三个共同冲击的影响,东中西部地区的经济增长在长期受两个共同冲击的影响。     

收入不平等和经济增长非线性关系——中国数据的实证检验

收入不平等和经济增长的关系一直是经济学研究中的热点问题之一,尽管研究成果汗牛充栋,但仍存在诸多争论。本文在对文献综合分析的基础上,采用平滑转移模型来研究中国收入不平等和经济增长的非线性关系,并分别检验了可能是两者关系转移变量的诸多因素。研究结果表明中国收入不平等和经济增长的关系在人均收入2115元(以1978年不变价为基期)处发生转移,在此之前收入不平等对经济增长具有一定的促进作用,但在此之后,收入不平等对经济增长产生严重的损害作用。结合现状,本文也简要分析了导致该转变的原因。     

金融发展、创新不平等与区域经济差距的实证研究

构建1990年至2010年地区经济差距、金融发展不平等和创新不平等三者的基尼系数。以总产出模型作为基础,运用E-G两步法构建三者之间的协整关系和误差修正模型。通过Granger因果关系检验最终得到结论:金融发展不平等是产生地区经济差距显著因素;创新不平等是缩小地区经济差距的因素,但是这种影响在短期是不显著的。     

中国金融发展与收入不平等的关系研究北大核心

本文使用包含二次项的非线性多元回归模型,对中国的金融发展和收入不平等关系进行实证分析,意在用中国数据再次检验Greenwood-Jovanovich(GJ)假说的可信性。实证研究结果表明:中国金融发展与收入不平等呈倒U型关系,这与全球经济发展水平与收入不平等也呈倒U型关系相一致,但是经济增长会减少收入不平等,而通胀会加剧收入不平等,而且通胀对收入不平等的影响要远大于经济增长对收入不平等的影响。     

教育人力资本结构对经济增长的贡献研究——基于东中西三大地区的比较

政府对教育资源的配置是人力资本形成的一个主要决定因素,不同数量和质量的教育人力资本对经济增长的贡献也不同。受区域经济发展不平衡的影响,我国东部、中部和西部地区在人力资本数量和质量方面存在显著差别。为深入考察教育人力资本结构对经济增长的贡献,在将教育人力资本结构分为基础教育和高等教育的基础上,实证检验了东中西三大地区的教育人力资本结构对经济增长的贡献,结果表明：经济发展越快的地区,其高等教育人力资本对经济增长的贡献越大。因此,为发挥教育人力资本对经济增长的促进作用,行之有效的办法是提高公共教育支出预算,大力发展各级各类教育。     

中国地区经济增长差距的统计分析

我国地区经济发展差异显著,本文运用聚类分析法,将全国除海南、重庆外的29个省(自治区、直辖市)客观的分为四大经济类型.在此分类基础上,运用新古典经济模型定量分析了经济体制、科技因素、人力资本及物质资本投入对不同类地区经济增长的贡献率.最后据此对缩小地区经济增长差异提出了切实的政策建议.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.     

Capturing the Implications of Services Trade Liberalization

This paper evaluates the impact of service sector trade liberalization on the world economy by a ten-region, eleven-sector CGE model with import embodied technology transfer from developed countries to developing countries. Simulation results show that service sector trade liberalization not only directly affects world service production and trade, but also has significant implications for other sectors in the economy. The major channel of the impact is through inter-industry input-output relations and TFP growth induced from services imported by developing countries from developed countries, which may be embodied with new information and advanced technology.     

City Children and Genderfied Neighbourhoods: The New Generation as Urban Regeneration Strategy

Former industrial cities in the West are employing gentrification as urban policy. In these policies, women and families currently play an important role as gentrification pioneers. In my analysis of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, I propose the term genderfication to understand the gender dimensions of this process. Genderfication refers to the production of space for different gender relations. I analyse Rotterdam's urban planning program for becoming a ‘child‐friendly city’, which entails replacing existing urban dwellings with new, larger and more expensive ‘family‐friendly homes’ as a strategy for urban re‐generation. Urban re‐generation supplements regeneration in the form of material and economic restructuring, and refers to the replacement of part of the current population by a new and better suited generation. The ‘child‐friendly city program’ is considered in tandem with punitive ‘youth policies’.     

Performance appraisal and culture: practice and attitudes in Hong Kong and Great Britain

This article compares the practice of and attitudes towards performance appraisal for managerial and professional staff in Hong Kong and Britain, and considers the extent to which actual practice and employee preferences are in alignment. Findings suggest that appraisal may be more widespread in Hong Kong than in Britain. However, British appraisal tends to be more participative and to place greater emphasis on discussing objectives, development and career plans. Hong Kong appraisals appear to be more directive and Hong Kong respondents perceive a higher level of 'negative' appraiser behaviour. In spite of this, Hong Kong respondents show if anything slightly more confidence in the utility of appraisal than do British respondents. They show stronger support for appraisal's use for reward and punishment and less support for the objectives-setting and training and development uses than do the British sample. Hong Kong respondents are more likely than their British counterparts to favour involving a more senior manager in appraisal, and they are less likely to prefer more frequent appraisals. There was little evidence that Hong Kong respondents had a stronger preference for group-based appraisal criteria, although they did show more support than the British sample for the use of personality as a basis for appraisal. Overall, the suggestion is that appraisal has been adopted in Hong Kong organizations but that the practice of appraisal has been adapted to suit the cultural characteristics of the society.     

Narrative construction of expatriate experience and career cycle: discursive patterns in Finnish stories of international

Expatriate experience is not only a disconnected occasion for cross-cultural anxiety and adjustment but also an important event in the process of self-development and learning. Following this view and arguing for a discursive approach, the paper focuses on ways in which expatriates themselves tell and interpret their development and movement across expatriate career cycle. Meaning systems connecting expatriate job with previous and following work experiences in career stories of Finnish engineers and managers were identified using a combination of narrative and discourse analysis. No evidence was found of an autonomous expatriate discourse but, in contrast, expatriate career cycle was narrated using available organizational repertoires of development and career. Describing and discussing the meaning-making properties of three identified discourses - bureaucratic, occupational and enterprising - the paper emphasizes the organizational environment of expatriate experience while acknowledging the limits of these contemporary career vocabularies in addressing individual learning and change in cross-cultural settings.