人民币实际有效汇率的分解和马歇尔—勒纳条件的修正

马歇尔-勒纳条件是探讨货币贬值改善贸易收支的规律,本文根据人民币实际有效汇率的特点,把它分解为美元有效汇率和人民币对美元汇率之积形式,在此基础之上,本文重新考察货币贬值改善贸易收支的条件,对传统的马歇尔-勒纳条件进行修正。从我们研究中可以看出美元实际有效汇率变化对马歇尔-勒纳条件修正的重要作用,这包括美元有效汇率对人民币汇率弹性和人民币在美元有效汇率中的权重的两种影响。另一方面,即使人民币实际有效汇率贬值存在“J”曲线效应,人民币对美元实际汇率贬值,“J”曲线是否存在还要依赖一定的条件。本文实证研究结果显示出口（或进口）与人民币对美元实际汇率、美元实际有效汇率指数和外国收入（或国内收入）之间存在着显著的协整关系,美元实际有效汇率和人民币对美元实际汇率也存在显著的协整关系。从弹性的变化来看,修正的马歇尔-勒纳条件成立,同时人民币对美元实际汇率贬值有利于改善贸易收支,美元实际有效汇率贬值会恶化中国贸易收支。而对“J”曲线效应的实证研究显示无论是人民币实际有效汇率,还是人民币对美元实际汇率贬值和美元实际有效汇率贬值,我国“J”曲线效应均不显著。     

外商直接投资、实际汇率升值与政策选择——基于中国的经验研究

本文利用协整和误差修正模型研究了外商直接投资与人民币实际汇率之间的关系，并通过VAR模型分析了抑制人民币实际汇率升值的有关政策。主要发现在于：外商直接投资主要流入到贸易品部门，在短期不会对人民币实际汇率产生影响，而长期会导致实际汇率升值。短期内冲销干预是一个较好的抑制升值的政策，但长期该政策是无效的。从长期看，面对国外资本大量流入中国，放松资本流出、鼓励本国企业“走出去”是抵制升值的最有效政策。紧缩财政开支的政策也有抑制升值的功能，但与放松资本流出政策相比，其政策效果一般。     

欧元汇率变动对中欧贸易收支平衡影响实证研究

随着中欧之间日益紧密的贸易关系,欧元对人民币汇率的变动对中欧贸易收支的影响越来越显著.为了定量的分析两者之间的关系,采用Johansen协整检验方法等实证分析方法来分析欧元自进入流通领域以来其汇率对中欧贸易收支的影响.实证结果表明人民币兑欧元实际汇率的升值将缩小中国对欧盟的贸易盈余.同时,通过检验贸易收支对实际汇率波动的动态反应发现,中国欧元区双边贸易对欧元兑人民币汇率的反应表现出"J 曲线"效应.     

人民币国际化、汇率变动与人民币FDI关系研究

基于国际货币循环角度，分析人民币国际化、汇率变动与人民币FDI的互动关系，结果表明：人民币国际化程度的提高会使人民币产生升值压力，人民币升值会促进人民币国际化；人民币国际化和人民币FDI之间存在相互促进的关系；人民币贬值引起人民币FDI规模增加，人民币FDI对人民币汇率的影响不显著。     

中国贸易收支、贸易结构与人民币实际有效汇率

长久以来，学者们对中国对外贸易与人民币实际有效汇率之间关系的研究都侧重于考察贸易收支与人民币实际有效汇率间的关系，这是不全面的。本文从两个方面考察了中国对外贸易与人民币实际有效汇率之间的关系，其一为中国贸易收支与人民币实际有效汇率间的关系；其二为中国贸易结构与人民币实际有效汇率间的关系。通过理论和实证分析，我们发现：人民币实际有效汇率的贬值能够改善中国贸易收支；而中国贸易结构的变化在一定程度上可以解释人民币实际有效汇率的变化。     

人民币汇率变动对中国贸易收支影响的实证研究

汇率的升值或者贬值可以通过一定的传导机制影响一国的贸易收支,进而影响到一国的经济发展.本文的研究目的在于检验人民币汇率的波动对我国贸易收支的影响,选取了1994年10月到2015年12月的相关月度数据,在此基础上进行了相关检验,研究人民币汇率波动对中国贸易收支的影响.     

论我国对外贸易、经济增长与人民币实际汇率间的动态均衡关系

本文对我国人民币实际汇率、进出口贸易和经济增长三者之间的关系进行了实证分析。实证结果显示,长期内三者之间存在稳定的均衡关系;短期内实际汇率对进出口贸易有单向的促进作用,但是与经济增长的因果关系不明显,而经济增长与进出口贸易之间具有显著的双向因果关系。     

人民币实际汇率的巴拉萨—萨缪尔森效应

改革开放以来,我国经济发展迅速。在同一期间,人民币汇率在大部分时间内却呈现出贬值趋势。根据巴拉萨—萨缪尔森效应理论,人民币实际汇率在我国经济高速增长时应相应地升值。然而现实情况与理论是不一致的。文章使用协整检验考察人民币实际汇率与我国经济发展水平的关系。主要结论是：人民币实际汇率不具有巴拉萨—萨缪尔森效应,我国经济发展水平在现阶段与人民币实际汇率没有长期均衡关系。根本原因是中国可贸易品部门劳动生产率的提高没有导致物价水平的提高,因而不符合巴拉萨—萨缪尔森效应的传导机制。     

人民币升值对FDI流入与产业结构优化影响的实证分析

对于开放经济体,本币升值会对国内产业结构产生影响。本文利用2005—2011年的季度数据,通过协整检验和建立误差修正模型来分析人民币升值对FDI流入与产业结构优化的影响。实证结果显示,人民币即期汇率升值与FDI流入和产业结构优化之间不存在因果关系,而FDI流入与产业结构优化对人民币远期汇率变动与即期汇率波动的变动反应较敏感,无论长期还是短期,人民币远期汇率升值与即期汇率波动弹性加大都不利于我国FDI对产业结构优化积极作用的发挥。     

论我国对外贸易、经济增长与人民币实际汇率间的动态均衡关系

本文对我国人民币实际汇率、进出口贸易和经济增长三者之间的关系进行了实证分析.实证结果显示.长期内三者之间存在稳定的均衡关系;短期内实际汇率对进出口贸易有单向的促进作用,但是与经济增长的因果关系不明显,而经济增长与进出口贸易之间具有显著的双向因果关系.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.     

Capturing the Implications of Services Trade Liberalization

This paper evaluates the impact of service sector trade liberalization on the world economy by a ten-region, eleven-sector CGE model with import embodied technology transfer from developed countries to developing countries. Simulation results show that service sector trade liberalization not only directly affects world service production and trade, but also has significant implications for other sectors in the economy. The major channel of the impact is through inter-industry input-output relations and TFP growth induced from services imported by developing countries from developed countries, which may be embodied with new information and advanced technology.     

City Children and Genderfied Neighbourhoods: The New Generation as Urban Regeneration Strategy

Former industrial cities in the West are employing gentrification as urban policy. In these policies, women and families currently play an important role as gentrification pioneers. In my analysis of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, I propose the term genderfication to understand the gender dimensions of this process. Genderfication refers to the production of space for different gender relations. I analyse Rotterdam's urban planning program for becoming a ‘child‐friendly city’, which entails replacing existing urban dwellings with new, larger and more expensive ‘family‐friendly homes’ as a strategy for urban re‐generation. Urban re‐generation supplements regeneration in the form of material and economic restructuring, and refers to the replacement of part of the current population by a new and better suited generation. The ‘child‐friendly city program’ is considered in tandem with punitive ‘youth policies’.     

Performance appraisal and culture: practice and attitudes in Hong Kong and Great Britain

This article compares the practice of and attitudes towards performance appraisal for managerial and professional staff in Hong Kong and Britain, and considers the extent to which actual practice and employee preferences are in alignment. Findings suggest that appraisal may be more widespread in Hong Kong than in Britain. However, British appraisal tends to be more participative and to place greater emphasis on discussing objectives, development and career plans. Hong Kong appraisals appear to be more directive and Hong Kong respondents perceive a higher level of 'negative' appraiser behaviour. In spite of this, Hong Kong respondents show if anything slightly more confidence in the utility of appraisal than do British respondents. They show stronger support for appraisal's use for reward and punishment and less support for the objectives-setting and training and development uses than do the British sample. Hong Kong respondents are more likely than their British counterparts to favour involving a more senior manager in appraisal, and they are less likely to prefer more frequent appraisals. There was little evidence that Hong Kong respondents had a stronger preference for group-based appraisal criteria, although they did show more support than the British sample for the use of personality as a basis for appraisal. Overall, the suggestion is that appraisal has been adopted in Hong Kong organizations but that the practice of appraisal has been adapted to suit the cultural characteristics of the society.     

Narrative construction of expatriate experience and career cycle: discursive patterns in Finnish stories of international

Expatriate experience is not only a disconnected occasion for cross-cultural anxiety and adjustment but also an important event in the process of self-development and learning. Following this view and arguing for a discursive approach, the paper focuses on ways in which expatriates themselves tell and interpret their development and movement across expatriate career cycle. Meaning systems connecting expatriate job with previous and following work experiences in career stories of Finnish engineers and managers were identified using a combination of narrative and discourse analysis. No evidence was found of an autonomous expatriate discourse but, in contrast, expatriate career cycle was narrated using available organizational repertoires of development and career. Describing and discussing the meaning-making properties of three identified discourses - bureaucratic, occupational and enterprising - the paper emphasizes the organizational environment of expatriate experience while acknowledging the limits of these contemporary career vocabularies in addressing individual learning and change in cross-cultural settings.