地方政府专项债券与企业生产效率研究

地方政府专项债券是完善政府举债融资机制、防控政府债务风险的重大改革举措,分析研究政府债券融资行为如何影响企业生产效率,对完善制度和优化管理具有重要的借鉴意义.文章以2015-2018年地方政府专项债券为样本,匹配上市公司数据,采用地方政府专项债券余额和地方政府专项债券负债率衡量地方政府专项债券,采用全要素生产率衡量企业生产效率,实证研究地方政府专项债券对上市公司生产效率的影响.结果 发现,地方政府专项债券显著抑制企业全要素生产率;进一步研究发现,若企业与专项债券项目具有行业相关性,则这种抑制关系会得以削弱.文章的创新之处在于不仅实证检验了地方政府专项债券对企业全要素生产率的影响,而且揭示了专项债券项目行业相关性的交互效应,对于完善地方政府专项债券相关制度具有重要借鉴价值.     

国资授权经营改革、融资约束与全要素生产率

全要素生产率的稳定提升是实现经济高质量发展的关键内涵,国企高质量发展的关键在于提高其全要素生产率。本文以2009～2021年我国沪深A股国有上市公司为样本,运用多期DID方法探讨国有资本授权经营改革对国企全要素生产率产生的政策效应与内在机制。实证研究表明,国资授权经营改革能显著提升所出资国企的全要素生产率。机制分析表明,国资授权经营改革主要通过缓解国企面临的融资约束提升其全要素生产率。异质性分析表明,国资授权经营改革对国企全要素生产率的正向影响仅存在于地方国企和代理问题较为严重的国企中。本研究不仅丰富了企业全要素生产率影响因素及国资授权经营改革经济后果的相关文献,也为进一步深化国资国企改革、促进国有经济高质量发展提供了政策启示。     

我国长三角地区经济增长因素的实证分析

本文采用随机前沿模型对1990～2006年长三角地区的生产效率进行估算并分解其全要素生产率增长率,结果表明:①长三角地区的生产效率远高于全国平均水平;②城市化率、地区GDP中第二产业的比重、基础设施水平、人力资源水平和对外经济依存度都会增加生产效率,而固定资产投资中国有经济投资比重以及政府对经济的干预程度,对生产效率有负面影响;③1992年长三角地区的全要素生产率增长率呈现出明显下降趋势,1998年之后有显著上升;④全要素生产率增长率主要是由技术进步率决定的,规模效应的贡献几乎为零.     

多元要素市场分割与城市化质量:基于结构式估计的文献综述

要素市场分割既是传统城镇化中城市偏向型制度安排的结果,同时也已成为阻碍新型城镇化高质量发展的重要原因.普遍规律表明,要素市场分割降低了城市生产率,造成城市规模体系扁平化,并对城市居民的福利提升具有异质性影响.集聚经济与消费的"拥挤效应"是要素市场分割影响城市化质量的主要机制.本文聚焦土地、资本与劳动力三类要素市场分割,以结构式估计的研究范式为线索,分析要素市场分割对城市化质量的作用机制及其影响.后续的相关研究可从不同要素市场分割的相互传导、区域的异质性影响等方面进行拓展.     

制造业产融结合、资本配置效率与企业全要素生产率

推动制造业与金融服务业深度融合,有助于制造业转型升级和经济高质量发展。本文利用2009—2018年制造业上市公司数据,实证考察产融结合对企业全要素生产率的影响机制。结果表明,与控制组相比,产融结合对制造业企业全要素生产率提升具有显著的促进作用;异质性研究表明,相对国有企业、规模较大的企业而言,非国有企业、中小企业产融结合对全要素生产率的影响更为明显。进一步分析发现,产融结合增强企业投资对投资机会的敏感性程度,由此促进企业资本配置效率的提升,这表明产融结合通过资本配置效率驱动企业全要素生产率提升。研究结论为推动中国产融结合、提升全要素生产率、实现经济高质量发展提供了政策依据。     

资本市场扭曲对城市全要素生产率的影响研究——基于规模和技术视角

在创新驱动发展的背景下,资本市场化改革有助于提高资本配置效率,进而对全要素生产率产生影响。基于中国城市相关数据,利用生产函数法和随机前沿估计法测算资本市场扭曲,并利用DEA-Malmquist指数法对城市全要素生产率进行分解,从规模和技术视角切入,实证分析了资本市场扭曲对城市规模效率、技术效率和全要素生产率的影响。研究发现,资本市场扭曲增加对规模效率具有正向影响,对技术效率和全要生产率具有负向影响。反事实分析结果显示,当消除资本市场扭曲后,从全国层面看,规模效率平均下降0.54%,技术效率平均上升4.25%,全要素生产率平均上升1.54%。     

地方政府科技支出和教育支出如何影响城市全要素生产率？

本文构建研发增长模型分析政府科技支出和教育支出对全要素生产率的影响机制,从理论上证明二者对全要素生产率具有促进作用,之后利用中国284个城市的数据进行实证检验。研究结果显示：(1)地方政府科技支出和教育支出能够促进城市全要素生产率提升,但在支出后的第3期才会有所表现。(2)地方政府科技支出主要通过增加科技知识提升全要素生产率,且作用渠道为促进技术进步,而教育支出主要通过增加人力资本提升全要素生产率,且作用渠道为提高技术效率。(3)地方政府科技支出和教育支出对城市全要素生产率的促进作用存在双门槛效应,当全要素生产率介于0.916 2和1.083 4之间时,地方政府科技支出能够提升全要素生产率,但效果并不明显,而全要素生产率上升至1.083 4时,提升作用将发生跳跃式上升;教育支出具有相似的门槛效应特征,相应的门槛值分别为0.931 7和1.232 0。(4)地方政府科技支出发挥作用需要一定的教育支出规模作为基础,当教育支出规模高于178 599.295 0万元时,科技支出才会表现对全要素生产率的促进作用。     

外债的经济增长效应与影响渠道

通过搜集包括107个国家1960~2010年的跨国面板数据集,采用系统广义矩方法估计,研究外债对经济增长的影响以及作用渠道。研究发现：总体上,外债对经济增长、投资增长以及全要素生产率均有显著的倒“U”形影响;发达国家的外债对经济增长的影响是负的,外债扩张可以促进投资增长,但同时会降低投资效率;发展中国家的外债对经济增长有显著的倒“U”形影响,对投资增长的影响也是倒“U”形的,而对全要素生产率的影响则不显著。     

数字经济对全要素生产率的影响研究——来自国家级大数据综合试验区的证据

基于国家级大数据综合试验区的准自然实验，运用2014—2019年280个地级市的面板数据，采用多期双重差分法实证检验数字经济对全要素生产率的影响。研究结果表明：数字经济显著提升了全要素生产率，这一结论在经过多种稳健性检验后仍然成立；中介效应检验表明，数字经济通过提高资源配置效率和促进技术创新来提升全要素生产率；异质性分析表明，数字经济对低资源禀赋城市、低数字经济发展水平城市以及智慧城市的全要素生产率具有促进作用，抑制高资源禀赋、高数字经济城市的全要素生产率，而对非智慧城市的作用则不明显。因此，应基于大数据综合试验区深度挖掘数字经济的直接作用与间接作用，同时采取差异化发展战略，培育壮大全要素生产率增长新动能。     

分析师乐观偏差对企业全要素生产率的影响

提升企业的全要素生产率（TFP）一直是经济增长领域的重要课题。分析师作为资本市场重要的信息中介，其乐观偏差行为可能会通过高估企业收益、降低企业融资成本等行为促进企业全要素生产率增长，亦可能通过压力效应提升管理层的职业忧虑进而阻碍企业全要素生产率增长。本文以2007—2019年A股上市公司为样本，研究了分析师乐观偏差对企业全要素生产率的影响。实证结果显示，在控制分析师关注程度的基础上，分析师乐观偏差的提升会显著降低企业的全要素生产率，说明分析师乐观偏差对管理层产生业绩压力的作用较大。本文为理解分析师乐观偏差提供了新的经验证据，为提高全要素生产率提供了新的思路，对于推进市场监管规范化、助推经济高质量发展具有一定借鉴意义。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

Performance appraisal and culture: practice and attitudes in Hong Kong and Great Britain

This article compares the practice of and attitudes towards performance appraisal for managerial and professional staff in Hong Kong and Britain, and considers the extent to which actual practice and employee preferences are in alignment. Findings suggest that appraisal may be more widespread in Hong Kong than in Britain. However, British appraisal tends to be more participative and to place greater emphasis on discussing objectives, development and career plans. Hong Kong appraisals appear to be more directive and Hong Kong respondents perceive a higher level of 'negative' appraiser behaviour. In spite of this, Hong Kong respondents show if anything slightly more confidence in the utility of appraisal than do British respondents. They show stronger support for appraisal's use for reward and punishment and less support for the objectives-setting and training and development uses than do the British sample. Hong Kong respondents are more likely than their British counterparts to favour involving a more senior manager in appraisal, and they are less likely to prefer more frequent appraisals. There was little evidence that Hong Kong respondents had a stronger preference for group-based appraisal criteria, although they did show more support than the British sample for the use of personality as a basis for appraisal. Overall, the suggestion is that appraisal has been adopted in Hong Kong organizations but that the practice of appraisal has been adapted to suit the cultural characteristics of the society.     

Narrative construction of expatriate experience and career cycle: discursive patterns in Finnish stories of international

Expatriate experience is not only a disconnected occasion for cross-cultural anxiety and adjustment but also an important event in the process of self-development and learning. Following this view and arguing for a discursive approach, the paper focuses on ways in which expatriates themselves tell and interpret their development and movement across expatriate career cycle. Meaning systems connecting expatriate job with previous and following work experiences in career stories of Finnish engineers and managers were identified using a combination of narrative and discourse analysis. No evidence was found of an autonomous expatriate discourse but, in contrast, expatriate career cycle was narrated using available organizational repertoires of development and career. Describing and discussing the meaning-making properties of three identified discourses - bureaucratic, occupational and enterprising - the paper emphasizes the organizational environment of expatriate experience while acknowledging the limits of these contemporary career vocabularies in addressing individual learning and change in cross-cultural settings.     

Internet professionals: job skills for an on-line age

The paper explores the increasing popularity of the Internet technology Singapore. It argues that the diffusion of Internet technology to South-East Asia would create new duties and responsibilities for human resource (HR) managers. One such duty is the identification of the skills which professional Internet staff would need to perform their work effectively in organizations. Using a triangulation research method, empirical study has identified the new professional Internet jobs which have emerged the IT industry in Singapore and the skills that professional Internet personnel require do their jobs effectively. Analysis of the findings indicates that professional Internet skills involve both technical and creative abilities and that, in explaining or defining professional Internet skills, it is necessary to use both the technical and the social conceptions of skill. This argument is based on the view that the creative skills include tacit skills so that a definition based solely on the technical conception of skill cannot capture the various dimensions of Internet skills. The implications of the research findings for human resource managers are raised.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

关于高校教学秘书工作的认识与思考

教学秘书在教学管理中起着举足轻重的作用,本文结合自己近6年从事教学秘书的工作实践和体会,阐述了高校教学秘书的工作职能和工作内容,提出了教学秘书应具备的素质,分析了日前教学秘书工作中存在的问题,探讨了教学秘书工作改进的方法与途径。     

Sister Communities: Rejecting Labels of Informality and Peripherality in Vanuatu

Some labels have dire consequences. This article takes issue with the labels commonly used to describe the physical and social location of communities living on the edge of Port Vila, Vanuatu—labels that position communities for eviction by entrenching tropes of informality and peripherality into how they are seen and represented. Such terms include informal, settlement, informal settlement, squatter and peri-urban. Based on interviews with around 100 people and two years of ethnographic engagement with urban communities in Port Vila, Vanuatu, I critique the language of policy against the lived experience of those at the urban edge. I use Bourdieu's articulation of power as an accumulation of symbolic capital that enables one to speak the world into being. I conclude that the language of policies and plans is reflective of a dominant discourse in urban studies and international aid, and non-reflective of the experience and identities of people living at the urban edge. My interviewees and interlocutors maintain their identities as sister communities—as places grounded in the formality of customary tenure, and as part of the city rather than outside it.