Coping with coopetition—Facing dilemmas in cooperation for sustainable development: The case of the Dutch smart grid industry

This paper is amongst the first to examine coopetition strategy for sustainable development at the network level. Companies who want to successfully implement complex innovative technologies that support sustainable development need to collaborate with other actors of the innovation ecosystem, including their competitors, so that they can develop standards, interoperable products, pool knowledge, and resources and bundle forces to compete against other technologies. Collaboration with competitors brings benefits, but also many risks. We investigated how firms cope with these risks when establishing an innovation ecosystem to implement a new technology in society. We conducted research in the Dutch smart grids sector and explored how these firms minimize inherent risks of coopetition. We found that system‐building actors in the Dutch smart grid field not only minimize inherent risks, but from the start of their collaboration they implement so‐called enablers to prevent these risks upfront.     

新经济背景下大学生智惠拼团游的创新研究

新经济背景下,随着智慧旅游产业的不断发展,大学生旅游在细分市场中的比重和地位逐步升级,呈现出巨大的发展潜力。论文通过分析大学生拼团旅游的需求,旨在探究大学生旅游市场的发展前景,克服传统跟团游的弊端,将智"惠"拼团和大学生旅游相结合,提供更优、更惠、更个性的服务,完善大学生拼团游服务体系,促进旅游的转型升级,推动智慧旅游的发展。     

基于服务科学理论的智能电网创新研究

目前"智能电网"的研究主要侧重于技术的创新与应用,鲜有人员或机构直接将智能电网纳入服务经济发展的大背景进行研究。文章试图以"服务科学"作为理论基础对智能电网进行创新。希望为智能电网的研究开发与电网未来的发展提供一定的参考,将智能电网的建设置于当今服务经济的大背景下,得以全方位地适应未来全球市场和服务经济为主导的发展方向。     

浅析新《旅游法规》实施后贵州省旅游商品的营销策略——建立旅游商品体验园/街

2013年10月1日,新《旅游法规》正式实施,贵州省众多旅游商品店失去了旅行社导游导购的销售方式,销售业绩直线下滑,部分旅游商品店濒临倒闭或转行。贵州省旅游商品在设计开发、生产、销售等方面的问题日渐凸显。本文提出了由旅游景区主管部门或市级政府在景区或市区建立旅游商品体验园/街的营销策略。由主管部门负责监管园/街区中的旅游商品店,扶持传承手工艺的家庭企业,激励具有互动设计的创意旅游商品研发、生产与销售,为贵州旅游商品店的发展提供一种选择,同时为游客提供诚信保障,旅游商品的研产销紧密结合,让游客获得优质的购物体验。     

HR strategy and competitive advantage in the service sector

While taking its cue from studies of high‐performance work systems in manufacturing, this article examines theory and research on the potential for HR advantage in the service sector, building directly on recent studies of market segmentation and HR strategy in the sector. The article uses these studies, along with strategic management theory, to put forward a new typology of market characteristics, competitive dynamics and HR strategy in services. Three broad types of competition, ranging from mass market to knowledge‐intensive services, are identified. This framework helps the article to explore the issue of whether competitive differentiation through human resources is possible only in high‐skill areas such as professional services. It argues that opportunities for HR advantage are broader; they exist where quality and/or knowledge are important in competitive strategy. However, seeing the opportunity is not the same as achieving the result. Service firms that identify and pursue these opportunities face the problems of building and maintaining barriers to imitation, and of managing the ‘politics of appropriation’.     

模块化设计塑造企业竞争优势的机制研究——以珠三角大中型制造企业为例

为研究模块化设计塑造企业创造持续竞争优势的机制,基于动态能力理论,以技术创新为中介变量,构建了模块化设计与持续竞争优势间关系的理论模型。利用来自珠三角大中型制造企业的300份问卷,应用SPSS16.0与LISREL8.7结构方程模型对问卷数据进行实证分析。结果表明模块化设计能帮助企业获得持续竞争优势,技术创新在模块化设计与品牌优势、连续先动优势和大规模定制优势的关系中均起完全中介作用。     

Environmental Innovations as a Source of Competitive Advantage or Vice Versa?

The aim of this paper is to examine the links between developed environmental innovations and the competitiveness of firms. It seeks answers to the question: Are the developed environmental innovations associated with the improved or impaired competitiveness of firms? In addition, it explores how competitive advantage is created along the innovation process. This will be done by comparing the successful and unsuccessful green innovators. The empirical evidence is based on the longitudinal dataset gathered from 128 Finnish firms which have developed one or more environmental innovations. The data covers nine years from 2002 to 2010. This study provides two contributions to academic literature. First, it deepens the existing knowledge of how environmental innovations are associated with competitive advantage. It identifies the types of competitive advantages as well as potential disadvantages along the innovation process. Second, this study demonstrates how the competitive advantage was enhanced along the successful innovation process. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

海南省度假酒店型民俗旅游创新

度假酒店型民俗旅游是民俗旅游的新领域,可以丰富和完善民俗旅游和度假酒店的理论和实践。本文探索了度假酒店型民俗旅游创新理论,在对海南省度假酒店和民俗旅游进行调查的基础上,对度假酒店型民俗旅游进行SWOT分析,并对三亚市丽思卡尔顿度假酒店进行实证研究,提出了度假酒店型民俗旅游创新的具体对策建议,旨在为海南省相关旅游决策部门及度假酒店提供参考依据。     

Training policy and organisational performance in the Spanish hotel industry

There is currently a general agreement about the importance of training as a tool to help companies in the development of sustainable competitive advantages based on their human resources. Staff qualification is not an option in the tourism industry; human capital training actually becomes a determining factor to be able to achieve a differential positioning within the sector. In Spain, where the tourism sector is a strategic element, it becomes essential to analyse the training policy applied by tourism enterprises with the aim of assessing its quality and effectiveness. The objective sought in this study is to identify the main factors related to training policy that have an impact on performance. The study carries out an empirical research into the effects that training practices cause on performance levels in the Spanish hotel industry using a sample of 110 hotels.     

基于“三间距离”理论概念的旅游客源市场开发研究——以江门市为例

江门旅游客源市场有着巨大挖掘潜力,特提出用三间距离理论作为指导江门旅游客源市场开发的指导思想,提出要充分认识三间距离的互动作用,有针对性开拓不同距离的游客市场,利用各种媒介对特色旅游景点宣传,打造特色拳头旅游产品,构建更加完善的旅游环境等措施。     

The impact of government financial support on the performance of new firms: the role of competitive advantage as an intermediate outcome

This research examines the influence of government financial support on new firms' performance. Extant empirical research on the topic has found mixed results, which warrants an exploration of the theoretical basis for the impact of support policies on new firms' performance. Grounding the theoretical model in the resource-based view and institutional theories, this study contends that performance outcomes – e.g. revenues or profits – should not be the first outcomes of public policies to be examined. Instead, competitive advantage formation is suggested as a link between support policies and new firms' performance. Using new firms from the USA, we examine the impact of government financial support measures – government loans, guarantees and government equity – on firms' overall competitive advantage and more specific types of competitive advantage based on innovation, licensing-in, marketing and human capital. Controlling for family funding, bank financing, equity of business angels and venture capitalists, industry, size as well as entrepreneur's characteristics, the results reveal that government guarantees and government equity have a direct effect on new firms' competitive advantage and only an indirect impact on performance. Our results suggest to policy-makers to focus on helping new firms build the necessary capabilities to compete successfully in the marketplace.     

Present and future: a trend forecasting and ranking of university types for innovative development from an intellectual capital perspective

In today’s knowledge-based economy, by well intellectual capital (IC) managing to enhance innovative ability and performance has become critical as many nations struggle to gain sustainable competitive advantage. Knowledge, innovation, and IC are at a university’s core. Given its function of cultivating innovative assets, R&D researchers, hi-tech professions and interdisciplinary talent, universities have become a critical factor in building sustainable competitive advantages worldwide. The important role universities play is particularly essential in Taiwan. The hi-tech industry, as the most profitable industry sector, directly impacts the growth of the Taiwanese economy. However, as global competition in higher education becomes fierce, higher education in Taiwan is losing its competitive standing and global market share for students and, additionally, Taiwan is losing its overall competitive advantage in the global economy. Universities today face significantly unbalanced student enrollment numbers and several universities have failed to keep operating from late 2008 to 2009. In order to understand both current and future development trends in higher education and to conquer above difficulties, it has become crucial to understand the manifestation of innovative development with respect to IC for different university types. In this regard, the aim of this study was to explore the rankings of five university types in terms of innovative development from an IC perspective and to provide recommendations for future improvements, taking basic development trends into account. Trend forecasting from Grey Model (GM) was initially used to investigate and forecast current and future Taiwanese birth rates and the basic development trends of five university types. After that, VIKOR was utilized to rank the five university types in accordance with opinions from twenty senior experts with regard to IC. In agreement with the research findings, universities in Taiwan are encouraged to improve their innovative ability from an IC perspective in order to regain a sustainable competitive advantage globally in the future.     

Management practices and strategies to accelerate the innovation cycle in the biotechnology industry

This paper examines management practices and strategies that are critical to successful commercialisation in the biomedical sector and how these practices and strategies impact upon performance innovation. The paper also details emerging issues and challenges for the biotechnology industry including human resource issues, access to venture capital, the development of basic business capabilities, and efficient and stable supply chain linkages.The research findings are based on data obtained from an action research methodology where 14 representatives of the biomedical sector were active participants. The qualitative data was analysed using a multiple cross-case analysis technique that explores the underpinning determinants of performance innovation in the industry. The research study identifies high-performance work practices and critical success factors to accelerate the ‘Innovation Cycle’ from idea to market. The paper concludes that managers in the biomedical industry need to acquire new business acumen skills to maintain a competitive advantage in a fiercely competitive global market. Organisations are recognising that knowledge workers with the requisite skills and expertise are critical to improving innovation performance.     

城市旅游景区的游客构成及空间分流

大众旅游的逐步普及和城市游憩的迅猛发展,使城市旅游空间超载问题日益加剧。在分析游客构成和比较不同类型游客空间行为特点的基础上,认为高级别旅游景区应主要承担旅游功能、弱化游憩功能,并提出了城市区域内不同等级的旅游空间合理分工模式。     

No man is an island: Social and human capital in IT capacity building in the Maldives

In many developing countries, lack of IT skills and human capital impede the potential of IT investments in organizations in developing countries [Lee, J. (2001). Education for technology readiness: Prospects for developing countries. Journal of Human Development, 2(1), 115–151]. This paper draws upon theories of human and social capital, and knowledge, to explain enablers/obstacles for knowledge creation and transfer for IT capacity building in a tourism organization in a developing country – the Maldives. IT capacity building is intimately linked to knowledge and skills at the level of human resource development. Using the Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998) [Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23, 242–267] framework for the role of social capital in knowledge creation and transfer, we examine the major issues of IT capacity building for the case organization. We conclude that the role of cognitive capital is the most important for the tourism sector of the Maldives, and may play a vital role in accumulating structural and relational capital, together with appropriate government policies on ICT.     

Encouraging organizational performance through the influence of technological distinctive competencies on components of corporate entrepreneurship

Firms’ technological distinctive competencies (TDCs) help CEOs to confront their reality based on technological knowledge to achieve and exploit competitive advantage by encouraging the different dimensions of corporate entrepreneurship (innovation, new business venturing, proactiveness and self-renewal). The main purpose of this paper is thus to highlight how companies that strive to improve technological competencies within the firm achieve higher organizational performance through different components of corporate entrepreneurship and their interrelationships. This study seeks to fill this research gap by analyzing theoretically and empirically how TDCs enhance innovation, new business venturing and proactiveness and their interrelationships to achieve self-renewal and thus improve firms’ organizational performance. The methodology used is LISREL analysis. We test the model with data from 201 Spanish organizations. Our research contributes theoretical and empirical arguments on the value of TDCs to the organization, arguments that are especially important because organizations sometimes fail to achieve sustainable competitive advantage due to their limited understanding of the relationships between these strategic variables.     

桂林旅游目的地品牌延伸的探讨及策略研究

品牌延伸是旅游目的地可持续发展的关键因素,甚至是各个旅游目的地间相互竞争的最高境界。桂林旅游目的地品牌的深度挖掘、旅游品牌的创新依然还停留在一个较低的层面上。桂林旅游目的地应通过实施旅游品牌的产品创新、旅游品牌的促销创新和旅游品牌联合等策略,提高桂林旅游目的地的品牌建设,促进桂林旅游目的地的和谐发展。     

Mining the R&D innovation performance processes for high-tech firms based on rough set theory

The research and development (R&D) innovation of firms continues to be viewed as an important source of competitive advantage to academics and practitioners. To explore and extract the R&D innovation decision rules, it is important to understand how the R&D innovation rule-base works. However, many studies have not yet adequately induced and extracted the decision rule of R&D innovation and performance based on the characteristics and components of the original data rather than on post-determination models. The analysis of this study is grounded in the taxonomy of induction-related activities using a rough set theory approach or rule-based decision-making technique to infer R&D innovation decision rules and models linking R&D innovation to sales growth. The rules developed using rough set theory can be directly translated into a path-dependent flow network to infer decision paths and parameters. The flow network graph and cause-and-effect relationship of decision rules are heavily exploited in R&D innovation characteristics. In addition, an empirical case of R&D innovation performance will be illustrated to show that the rough sets model and the flow network graph are useful and efficient tools for building R&D innovation decision rules and providing predictions. We will then illustrate that integrating the flow network graph with rough set theory can fully reflect the characteristics of R&D innovation, and, through the established model, we can obtain a more reasonable result than with artificial influence.     

区域创新系统研究述评

在世界经济发展出现信息化、知识化、全球化和区域化的背景下,区域创新能力已经成为区域经济取得国际竞争优势的根本性条件,构建区域创新系统也已经成为实现经济快速持续健康发展的重要战略选择,因此,区域创新系统理论逐渐成为国内外区域经济研究中的热点问题。文章阐述了区域创新系统的概念内涵、要素构成、结构模型、类型划分以及评价体系,并对国内外区域创新系统理论与实证研究的相关文献进行了梳理。在此基础上,提出了目前区域创新系统研究面临的问题以及未来的研究方向。     

Learning capabilities,human resource management innovation and competitive advantage

The growing literature on innovation pays limited attention to the role of human resource management (HRM) innovation in creating competitive advantage. This paper adopts a knowledge-based approach to examine how firms design and implement HRM innovations (HRMIs) and how such innovations support competitive advantage. Drawing from multiple streams of literature and qualitative evidence from Australian manufacturing and service firms, our findings reveal that human resource (HR) functional-level learning capabilities, through which HR professionals build and nurture new knowledge configurations, facilitate the design and implementation of HRMIs. The findings also reveal that HRMIs, when coupled with top management support, can play a vital role in firm competitive advantage. Addressing the limitations of the term radical innovations to fully capture HRMIs and based on our findings and extant literature we propose a new classification that will capture the unique nature of HRMIs. In addition to contributing to theory, our paper provides valuable insights to practitioners for building and nurturing learning capabilities for HRMI-related competitive advantage.