中国货币需求函数的实证分析

货币需求量是经济学中的重要变量,长期稳定的货币需求函数的存在不仅是宏观经济模型中的一个重要假设,而且较精确的货币需求模型对于货币政策的实施具有十分重要的意义。自1994年以来中国人民银行一直以广义的货币供应量作为货币政策的中介目标,如果能建立稳定性好、预测精度高的货币需求函数,就可以掌握各种情况下中介目标的变化,以及时调整货币政策操作工具,达到对宏观经济运行进行精确调控的目的。     

我国货币政策中介目标有效性分析——基于可控性原则的视角

货币政策中介目标的选择有"三性"原则,即相关性、可测性和可控性。我国的中央银行——中国人民银行目前采用的是货币供应量M2作为货币中介目标。基于"可控性"原则的视角,分析了货币供应量作为中介目标对我国货币政策的有效性。结果表明,由于外汇占款激增和货币乘数不稳定,我国货币供应量的可控性下降,从而其作为中介目标的有效性大大降低。     

我国当前货币政策中介目标的适应性分析

从1996年起,人民银行就正式将货币M1的供应量作为货币政策中介目标,但随着我国经济体制改革的深化,在我国货币政策的实施过程中将货币供应量作为唯一的中介目标也逐渐暴露出一些问题,值得深入探讨.     

我国货币政策中介目标的有效性评价

对于一个有效的货币政策操作框架而言，中介目标的选择至关重要。就我国而言。货币政策中介目标的选择经历了一个曲折的过程，从最初以信贷总量、现金总量计划为代表的规模管理，到1996年正式将货币供应量作为货币政策中介目标的组成部分，再到1998年正式取消贷款规模控制，货币供应量成为我国惟一的货币政策中介目标。但近年来，货币供应量作为中介目标遇到了很大的困难：可控性不足，与最终目标的相关性下降。货币供应量能否继续作为我国货币政策的中介目标成为当前的一个争论焦点。笔者将从合理性和效率性两个方面来分析这一问题。     

我国货币政策中介目标应如何选择

我国货币政策中介目标的选择经历了从流通中的现金到贷款规模再到货币供应量的转变。货币供应量与利率一直充当着货币政策中介目标,现对两者进行了对比分析,为如何选择货币政策中介目标提供了依据。     

从货币政策中介目标谈货币政策有效性问题

由于货币供应量具有很强的内生性,单纯以货币供应量作为货币政策的中介目标是不完善的,应该从公开市场业务、投资、货币政策的国际溢出效应三个方面增强货币政策的有效性。     

基于MS-VaR模型的我国货币供应量对通货膨胀因素的实证分析

促进经济增长、抑制通货膨胀是我国宏观调控最主要和重要的目标。而通货膨胀产生的原因往往又跟货币供应量有关。货币政策会影响货币供应量,流通中的货币供应量过多会导致经济过热引发通货膨胀,这会导致货币贬值,阻碍经济发展。本文运用我国2011年1月-2019年6月的环比月度时间序列数据,建立MA-VaR模型对我国宏观货币供应量(M1、M2)和通货膨胀指数(CPI、PPI)之间的动态相互作用关系进行了实证分析,得出MSIAH(2)-VaR(1)模型实证结果表明模型存在显著的两区制,货币供应量对通货膨胀均有正向影响。     

我国货币政策在防治通货紧缩中的局限与改善

通货紧缩是近几年影响我国经济的主要问题，我国采用稳健的货币政策对付通货紧缩。但是由于我国选择货币供应量为货币政策的中介目标，在通过货币供应量影响投资和消费的过程中，货币政策传导机制不畅通，影响了货币政策效用的发挥。因此，必须寻求有效的途径，加快利率市场化进程，改革货币政策中介目标，完善货币政策传导机制，以防范和治理通货紧缩。     

我国金融政策影响途径研究(1998-2005)

本文采用协整理论及相应的误差修正模型,实证研究了我国金融政策对实体经济影响的波及途径,样本区间是:1998年4季度——2005年2季度。这里,主要是关于货币供应、银行信用及利率三个金融变量对GDP的影响。本文得到的结论是:中国金融政策中介目标比较可行的选择,是在积极创造条件向货币供应量转换的同时,把货币供应量和贷款规模同时作为货币政策中介目标。经过一段时间的过渡,转变为完全以货币供应量为中介目标。     

股市价格、货币供应量与货币政策——基于中国2000年—2007年数据的实证分析

随着股票市场规模的日益扩大以及越来越多的居民投资于股市,股市价格波动对货币政策的影响越来越引起学者关注.对我国股市价格波动与作为货币政策重要中介目标的货币供应量之间的关系进行实证分析的结果表明:二者之间存在着长期稳定的均衡关系,股市价格对不同层次货币供应量影响程度不同,M1对股市价格影响最大,但反过来股市价格则对M0影响最大,对M1仅有一定程度的影响.我国的货币政策应密切关注股市价格波动因素的影响,将其纳入必要的监管范围,减少股市价格波动对货币政策有效性的冲击.     

Divisia monetary aggregates for Russia: Money demand,GDP nowcasting and the price puzzle

The lack of developed financial markets and well-functioning transmission channels assigns monetary aggregates in emerging economies the potential role of nominal anchor, intermediate target, or informational variable for monetary policy. The effectiveness of this approach relies crucially on the correct measurement of money, which is not fulfilled by the conventional index based on the simple sum of financial assets. This paper calculates alternative Divisia monetary aggregates for Russia over the period 1998–2019, which account for the level of liquidity of a given monetary asset by assigning weights according to the usefulness of that asset for transaction services. Divisia is found to follow a markedly different growth pattern from the simple sum, whereby deviations between the two series are even more pronounced when foreign currency accounts are included. We conduct three empirical exercises to demonstrate the advantages of Divisia over the simple sum. Divisia confirms the stability of the money demand function and reflects portfolio shifts in response to changes in the opportunity cost of money. Divisia-based GDP nowcasting performs better in times of financial turmoil than the simple sum. Lastly, Divisia mitigates the price puzzle phenomenon relative to the conventional measure. We conclude that Divisia monetary aggregates would improve the effectiveness of monetary policy in Russia.     

Does Liquidity Matter? Properties of a Divisia Monetary Aggregate in the Euro Area*

This paper builds a quarterly Divisia monetary aggregate for the euro area using area‐wide data over the sample period from 1980 to 2000, finding two main results. First, it is found that the demand for this monetary aggregate has been well behaved and relatively stable over the last two decades. Secondly, the Divisia‐weighed monetary aggregate is found to have interesting information content from a forward‐looking perspective. This lends support to the view that money and – in a broader sense – liquidity services should be assigned an important role in shaping monetary policy in the euro area, although the policy maker is not interested in monetary aggregates per se.     

How better monetary statistics could have signaled the financial crisis

This paper explores the disconnect of Federal Reserve data from index number theory. A consequence could have been the decreased-systemic-risk misperceptions that contributed to excess risk-taking prior to the housing bust. We find that most recessions in the past 50 years were preceded by more contractionary monetary policy than indicated by simple-sum monetary data. Divisia monetary aggregate growth rates were generally lower than simple-sum aggregate growth rates in the period preceding the Great Moderation, and higher since the mid 1980s. Monetary policy was more contractionary than likely intended before the 2001 recession and more expansionary than likely intended during the subsequent recovery.     

The Barnett critique after three decades: A New Keynesian analysis

This paper extends a New Keynesian model to include roles for currency and deposits as competing sources of liquidity services demanded by households. It shows that, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the Barnett critique applies: while a Divisia aggregate of monetary services tracks the true monetary aggregate almost perfectly, a simple-sum measure often behaves quite differently. The model also shows that movements in both quantity and price indexes for monetary services correlate strongly with movements in output following a variety of shocks. Finally, the analysis characterizes the optimal monetary policy response to disturbances that originate in the financial sector.     

The Instability of the Money Demand Function: An I(2) Interpretation

Some studies have suggested that although money and prices appear to be I(2) processes, real money balances are I(1) and this transformation preserves an important long-run relationship between money and prices. In this paper we present evidence indicating that the success of such a nominal-to-real transformation depends upon the particular monetary aggregate under consideration. It turns out that imposing long-run price homogeneity does not remove all I(2) components from a model of aggregate broad UK M4, but it does prove successful in the case of sectoral components of M4. Since recent research on money demand functions finds more stable relationships between sectoral components of M4 and aggregate demand, our analysis seems to point to a direct link between the existence of I(2) components and the stability of different money demand functions.     

Money and velocity during financial crises: From the great depression to the great recession

This study models the demand for a broad monetary aggregate (M2) from the Great Depression through the Great Recession. Key to the model is the interaction between a measure of time-variation in economic agents’ perceived financial risk and an index of the cost of portfolio adjustment. The finding of a useful money demand relationship suggests that skepticism regarding the indicator role of a broad, liquid money aggregate as a policy guide may be exaggerated. Further, our model provides some guidance for policymakers who face the challenge of unwinding large balance sheets as risk premia return to normal and velocity adjusts.     

Forecasting U.S. money growth using economic uncertainty measures and regularisation techniques

This paper examines the out-of-sample forecasting properties of six different economic uncertainty variables for the growth of the real M2 and real M4 Divisia money series for the U.S. using monthly data. The core contention is that information on economic uncertainty improves the forecasting accuracy. We estimate vector autoregressive models using the iterated rolling-window forecasting scheme, in combination with modern regularisation techniques from the field of machine learning. Applying the Hansen-Lunde-Nason model confidence set approach under two different loss functions reveals strong evidence that uncertainty variables that are related to financial markets, the state of the macroeconomy or economic policy provide additional informational content when forecasting monetary dynamics. The use of regularisation techniques improves the forecast accuracy substantially.     

The monetary policy strategy of the Bank of England in 2020–21: An assessment

Excessive money creation during the Covid pandemic has resulted in Britain's worst episode of inflation since 1990–91. The backdrop to this failure of monetary policy is the Bank of England's aggregate demand/aggregate supply framework together with the Monetary Policy Committee's neglect of broad money. An alternative way to operate monetary policy is urgently needed. A significantly improved monetary policy outcome could be achieved by shifting from trying to steer the economy using interest rates and quantitative easing or quantitative tightening to reliance on the relative stability of income velocity (the ratio of nominal GDP to broad money) as a means of managing aggregate demand.     

The determinants of monetary target credibility

This paper examines the impact of several different factors on the credibility of the Federal Reserve's monetary targets. Two factors appear to explain why the targets became less credible during the 1980s. First, the Fed's shift from M1 to M2 targets reduced credibility because the latter aggregate is less controllable. Second, velocity instability caused the Fed to widen the target ranges and this action signaled that they were placing less weight on monetary targets in the conduct of monetary policy.     

The effective of China's monetary policy: Quantity versus price rules

This paper deduces an open economic DSGE model and explores two monetary policy rules for China, the quantity and price rule. The empirical results indicate that (1) monetary policy with money supply as instrument seems increasingly difficult to conduct in China than before, (2) the linkage between money supply and output becomes weaker over time, and (3) the effects of a price rule on the economy seem to have become more significant than those of a quantity rule. The findings seem to favor the government’s intention of liberalizing interest rates and making a more active use of the price instrument as the economy becomes more market-oriented in recent years.