中国试点碳市场抵消机制

抵消机制是碳排放权交易体系的基本要素和试点碳市场连接的关键环节。通过比较分析发现，中国已运行的8个试点碳市场都设置了抵消机制，且大部分试点碳市场还制定了专门的抵消机制管理规定；但在最高可抵消比例、来源项目类型、区域和时效等方面还存在着显著差异。研究还发现，各试点碳市场普遍存在可抵消配额量远高于市场成交量的现象，从而导致部分试点碳市场出现交易低迷问题。未来各试点碳市场跨区合作将会不断推进，维护市场运行稳定的要求也会不断提高，不仅需要严格控制可抵消量规模，还需要及时评估已设置的抵消机制的运行效率，并进行积极完善。与此同时，全国统一碳市场的建立和稳定运行也需要构建统一而完备的抵消机制。     

基于2030年碳达峰目标的中国省域碳配额分配研究

研究目标:基于2030年碳达峰目标,将公平、效率、责任、发展等多项原则纳入区域间碳排放权分配方案中。研究方法:综合运用空间联立模型、零和博弈SBM模型、熵权法等构造不同原则下的碳配额分配方案。研究发现:兼顾公平与效率原则的综合性碳配额分配方案因地区间减排成本差异小而容易被更多主体所接受,最适合中国当前情况。研究创新:设计的碳配额分配方案在公平性原则的基础上融入可持续发展原则,在效率性原则的基础上融入零和博弈的思想,兼具公平性、效率性、可持续性和可操作性。研究价值:制定区域间初始碳配额的合理分配方案,对于推进省际协同减排战略、建立和完善全国统一碳交易市场、实现2030年碳达峰目标具有重要的借鉴意义。     

我国碳交易市场衔接:现实阻碍与实现路径北大核心

经过多年的发展,目前我国碳交易体系面临全国市场与多个地方试点市场共同运行的局面,内部存在市场流动性不足、配额价格异常波动、管理成本较高等问题,外部则面临欧洲碳边境税的威胁。如何将地方试点市场与全国市场进行衔接,构建“全国一盘棋”的统一市场,是“加快建设全国统一大市场”的题中应有之义。未来可采取两种衔接路径,即分批纳入共有行业并适时引入碳税作为联动机制,同时以金融化带动市场统一化。前者作为传统路径,后者作为创新路径,在以传统路径为主的同时辅以创新路径来保证市场衔接的顺利进行。此外,还需妥善落实协调中央与地方的配额管理规则、利用清零和补偿机制处理剩余配额、发挥中央对价格的调控作用并强化过渡期内的价格缓冲等措施。     

中国统一碳交易市场的基本要素与机制构建

通过对碳排放权交易的理论和各国实践的调研和分析,可以从法律基础、基本框架设计、相关机构安排和调控政策4个方面分析建立碳排放权交易体系(Emissions Trading Scheme,ETS)的9个基本要素,分别是法律基础,体系的排放总量目标,配额的初始分配,排放量监测、报告与核查,遵约机制,登记注册系统,价格机制,评价机制,碳金融。全国统一碳交易市场的运行机制构建应该分两个阶段进行,第一阶段应整合连接7个试点的区域碳交易运行机制,对它们做统一规范,形成一个完整的全国统一碳交易市场;第二阶段是对第一阶段出现的问题的修正,也是对全国统一碳交易市场的运行机制发展的推进。     

碳排放权初始分配方式选择及配套制度设计研究综述

碳交易初始分配制度包括初始分配方式的选择和相关配套制度的设计。本文首先对现存初始分配方式进行了归纳、分类和比较,并综述了现存或已提出碳交易市场的初始分配方式。然后对国内外相关配套制度的设计进行综述,以总配额量为视角提出了初始分配制度设计的思路,在制定温室气体排放清单的基础上,先依据初始分配方式的优缺点来选择初始分配方式,并对未来市场上配额松紧程度进行预估,从而决定是否设立配额调节基金或配额储蓄,对新进和关闭企业的配额管理、核证减排量限额的设置也会影响市场配额的松紧程度,也需要提前计算和整体设计。     

中国碳交易市场发展现状及未来展望

本文通过分析我国碳交易市场发展现状可知,由于制度不完善、基础数据不规范等原因,目前我国碳交易市场呈现从局部到整体,纳入行业单一等特点。以湖北碳交易试点市场为典型案例,发现其在配额分配、交易注册等方面对我国统一碳交易市场的建设具有借鉴意义。根据碳交易数据,对比分析中国7大试点交易市场的发展情况,发现目前我国碳交易市场普遍存在的问题,最后对我国碳交易市场的发展前景进行展望。     

碳排放权配额分配影响因素分析

随着全国碳排放权交易市场紧锣密鼓的筹建,统一的碳排放权交易制度的确立更加重要和急迫,而交易制度中的初始配额分配方式是保证市场运行效率的基础。配额分配方式有多种方式,本文欲通过问卷调查的方式,采用联合分析的方法,选取适当的指标对碳排放权配额分配影响因素进行分析,得出相应结论,从而为全国碳排放权交易市场的建立提供参考意见,同时为企业加入全国碳排放权市场提供改革方向和重点。     

发展低碳金融 促进低碳城市建设

低碳城市建设热潮在全国掀起,普遍面临资金缺口和减排机制创新问题,这就需要低碳金融业加快发展提供支持.国际社会在低碳金融发展方面已积累较多经验,如英国创设了碳信托和节能信托基金,欧盟设计了碳排放交易体系,世界银行设立各型碳基金等.国内低碳金融业发展现状是:银行业低碳绿色信贷业务增长迅速;碳权市场中项目市场发展较快,配额市...     

政企双层规划下考虑碳配额的供应链网络优化

构建了政企互动决策下考虑碳配额的双层规划模型,随后采用多目标粒子群优化算法求解模型,最后解析碳配额和需求不确定置信水平变化对供应链网络Pareto最优解集的影响。研究表明政企互动决策过程中存在最优碳配额,且随着政府部门根据双寡头制造商的反馈合理调整碳配额,上层规划模型中政府部门考虑双寡头制造商反馈的调整系数增大,双寡头制造商能够引导其它供应链企业减少间接碳排放,导致供应链网络总成本和碳排放持续减少。随着市场需求不确定置信水平升高,需求预测的精度降低,各设施间流量增加,需要增设备选设施,供应链网络总成本和碳排放也随之增加。     

区域碳配额核定及初始分配研究进展

科学有效的配额核定及初始分配是实现碳交易机制设计目标的关键。文章从碳配额总量核定、分配原则、分配方法、分配方案评价及预测等环节对相关文献进行梳理及总结。分析发现，自上而下和自下而上两个过程相互融合成为总量核算的主流体系；能更好体现区域权力均等的融合公平、效率、可持续和可行性的综合性分配原则及其指标体系构建成为研究与应用的重心；分配方法涉及最优化方法、指标法和综合法等，与分配原则更加适配的客观加权多属性决策方法及人工智能方法方兴未艾，成为实现有效分配的新手段；方案效果评价及预测涉及测算指数和基准比较两类，基于CGE模型、多属性决策和人工智能技术的多目标达成度评价及预测方法成为研究和实践应用的主流。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

Capturing the Implications of Services Trade Liberalization

This paper evaluates the impact of service sector trade liberalization on the world economy by a ten-region, eleven-sector CGE model with import embodied technology transfer from developed countries to developing countries. Simulation results show that service sector trade liberalization not only directly affects world service production and trade, but also has significant implications for other sectors in the economy. The major channel of the impact is through inter-industry input-output relations and TFP growth induced from services imported by developing countries from developed countries, which may be embodied with new information and advanced technology.     

City Children and Genderfied Neighbourhoods: The New Generation as Urban Regeneration Strategy

Former industrial cities in the West are employing gentrification as urban policy. In these policies, women and families currently play an important role as gentrification pioneers. In my analysis of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, I propose the term genderfication to understand the gender dimensions of this process. Genderfication refers to the production of space for different gender relations. I analyse Rotterdam's urban planning program for becoming a ‘child‐friendly city’, which entails replacing existing urban dwellings with new, larger and more expensive ‘family‐friendly homes’ as a strategy for urban re‐generation. Urban re‐generation supplements regeneration in the form of material and economic restructuring, and refers to the replacement of part of the current population by a new and better suited generation. The ‘child‐friendly city program’ is considered in tandem with punitive ‘youth policies’.     

Hierarchical Models in Environmental Science

Environmental systems are complicated. They include very intricate spatio-temporal processes, interacting on a wide variety of scales. There is increasingly vast amounts of data for such processes from geographical information systems, remote sensing platforms, monitoring networks, and computer models. In addition, often there is a great variety of scientific knowledge available for such systems, from partial differential equations based on first principles to panel surveys. It is argued that it is not generally adequate to consider such processes from a joint perspective. Instead, the processes often must be considered as a coherently linked system of conditional models. This paper provides a brief overview of hierarchical approaches applied to environmental processes. The key elements of such models can be considered in three general stages, the data stage, process stage, and parameter stage. In each stage, complicated dependence structure is mitigated by conditioning. For example, the data stage can incorporate measurement errors as well as multiple datasets with varying supports. The process and parameter stages can allow spatial and spatio-temporal processes as well as the direct inclusion of scientific knowledge. The paper concludes with a discussion of some outstanding problems in hierarchical modelling of environmental systems, including the need for new collaboration approaches.