关于发展低碳经济中计量工作的若干思考

一、碳排放与气候变化 碳排放是关于温室气体排放的总称. <京都议定书>规定的温室气体有:二氧化碳、甲烷、氧化亚氮、氢氟碳化物、全氟化碳、六氟化硫.其中最主要的是二氧化碳,它占温室气体排放的比例最大(达到76.7%).国内外大量观测事实和研究结果表明,自工业革命以来,化石燃料燃烧、水泥生产、森林砍伐、土地利用变化等碳排放活动,造成大气中含碳温室气体浓度持续增长,使全球气候出现近千年来从未有过、以变暖为主要特征的显著变化.     

新能源产业在“过剩”中前进

世界领袖们在丹麦哥本哈根达成的协议约束力十分有限，但温度变化不超过2摄氏度这一目标，令减排温室气体长期目标成为国际社会的共识，即到2050年全球温室气体必须在2005年水平上减少50％到80％。     

新温室气体监测系统能区分大气成分

<正>据物理学家组织网报道,美国科罗拉多大学博尔德分校的一个研究小组开发出一种监测大气成分变化的新型系统,可分析和比较阴暗大气中人类燃烧化石燃料所排放的温室气体和微量气体,其很可能作为未来监控温室气体排放的有效措施。相关研究论文发     

企业温室气体量化方法

随着国内温室气体减排工作的深入,企业温室气体量化成为实现温室气体减排目标的必然选择。本文简要介绍了企业温室气体量化方法,论述了企业温室气体量化时的几个关键问题:1)确定排放边界方法;2)选取基准年方法;3)确定温室气体排放源方法4)如何选择量化方法;4)收集活动数据的方法;5)如何对数据进行量化以及对量化数据进行不确定分析。本文介绍的方法可以指导企业进行温室气体量化。     

谈对温室效应与温室气体的监测

温室气体对气候变暖的影响,不但取决于各种气体造成温室效应的强度,而且还要取决于发生作用的持续时间。温室气体的监测包括对全球范围几种主要温室气体的连续、长期监测,以取得其背景值;及对局部地区的温室气体监测。     

温室气体核算和报告标准体系及其焦点问题分析

企业及其价值链活动产生了大量的温室气体排放，导致全球气温上升，引发天气变化，若不加以抑制，将危及经济社会的可持续发展。在全球向净零排放转型过程中，如何核算和报告企业的温室气体排放已成为制定ESG或可持续发展报告准则的关注点。本文在介绍国际通行的温室气体核算和报告标准体系的基础上，围绕国际可持续发展准则理事会（ISSB）发布的第2号国际财务报告可持续披露准则（ISDS）《气候相关披露》征求意见稿的反馈情况，分析温室气体核算和报告的标准适用、范围3排放和合并范围等三大焦点问题。     

温室气体排放量的估算与分解方法评述

本文对基于《国家温室气体排放清单指南》的温室气体估算方法及基于能源消费的温室气体排放影响因素的分解方法进行了系统梳理。最后大胆肯定了温室气体排放量的估算与分解方法对于低碳经济研究的重要意义。     

温室气体排放总量目标制定研究方法述评

我国作为全球最大的二氧化碳排放国家,面对着国际社会巨大的减排压力。本文基于温室气体排放总量的概念,探讨了温室气体排放总量控制目标的类别,分别为"绝对量下降或增幅限制目标"、"相比BAU情景下降目标"以及"峰值目标"。通过对现有温室气体排放总量测算方法的研究,总结了我国在温室气体排放总量预测研究方面采用的典型模型,并提出了一种基于温室气体清单的碳排放总量预测模型。     

ANSI签订温室气体认可计划伙伴MoU

作为建立温室气体验证机构认可计划工作的一部分,美国国家标准学会（ANSI）日前和气候登记册组织（TCR）签订了谅解备忘录。TCR制定了北美统一和明晰的温室气体排放计算、验证和公共报告标准。TCR作为一个非盈利组织,支持自愿性和强制性温室气体报告项目,为减少温室气体排放提供有用的信息。     

含氟制冷家电将禁入欧盟市场

正近日欧盟发布了关于温室氟化气体(F-Gas)的规管条例——条例(EU)No 517/2014。新条例将替代原条例(EC)No 842/2006,旨在2030年前将温室氟化气体的水平降低到如今的1/3。该条例旨在2015年1月1日生效实施,涉及温室氟化气体的欧盟境内生产商、进口商等都将受到该条例的影响。为了控制境内温室氟化气体总量,缓解欧盟环境压力,针对温室氟化气体,欧盟从2015年开     

三矿七采区瓦斯赋存规律控制因素分析

针对三矿七采区瓦斯地质条件复杂的特征,应用瓦斯地质理论、构造控制瓦斯理论,对七采区瓦斯的来源、运移通道、富集环境进行了分析研究,总结出瓦斯沿煤层走向的变化规律,推测出瓦斯随埋藏深度的关系,得出变化梯度,然后通过瓦斯地质方法,划分出七采区煤与瓦斯(CO2)突出危险区、非突出危险区,为矿井瓦斯治理安全高效生产提供技术依据。     

Transparency of Retail Energy Pricing: Evidence from the US Natural Gas Industry

We test and cannot reject the hypothesis that retail pricing of natural gas is transparent for commercial and residential customers served by regulated local distribution companies in the United States. The periods of adjustment to a wholesale price change are 1.54 months for the commercial price and 1.69 months for the residential price. These findings support the view that regulated local distribution companies quickly adjust retail prices to fully capture any change in the wholesale natural gas price. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of CO2 Emission Variation on Firm Performance

The quantifying and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions is one of the most important tools for monitoring and auditing proposed to mitigate climate change, and it also directly affects business. It is thus vital that at this time we learn in detail whether firms actually report on greenhouse gas emissions and make the account entries that must be included within it. This research is twofold: first to analyse the reports on greenhouse gas emissions of international firms in the 2007 and 2008 period and to see what kind of variation occurs in CO₂ emissions between 2006–2007 and 2007–2008, and second to determine the impact that this variation (2006–2007) can have on firm performance in four time periods (t, t + 1, t + 2 and t + 3) that correspond to 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, taking two variables as a measure of firm performance, ROE and ROA, and considering a time period affected by a financial crisis. The results obtained show that there was a reduction in CO₂ emissions in the 2006–2007 period, and also in the 2007–2008 period. As regards the impact that the variation in CO₂ emissions has on ROE and ROA, CO₂ emission variation is a significant but negative variable only for ROA_2007 and for the rest of the years it is not statistically significant either for ROE or ROA. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

Local and National Impacts from Landing North Sea Gas in Western Norway

A bstract . A simple framework is presented for the analysis of the local employment, income, sales , and local government impacts of landing North Sea gas at either of two Norwegian kommunes (municipalities). These impacts indicate the different forms of economic change arising from a major economic development event. The average annual net change in these economic measures is estimated for the operational phase of a gas terminal. The analysis indicated substantial differences in local and regional net gains. Both sites yielded positive neteconomic gains, which means noneconomic and national considerations become key decision determinates. These national issues provide the setting to judge the local/regional net gains. The unresolved questions include the national benefits and costs of the landing decision given the small scale of the Norwegian economy, potential future gas finds, and a fully employed economy.     

CO2 Multipliers in Multi-region Input-Output Models

In order to achieve equitable reduction targets, international trade has to be taken into account when assessing nations' responsibility for abating climate change. Especially for open economies such as Denmark, greenhouse gases embodied in internationally traded commodities can have a considerable influence on the national 'greenhouse gas responsibility'. We set up a five-region input-output model including Denmark, Germany, Sweden and Norway in order to calculate CO₂ multipliers and trade balances. We investigate multidirectional feedback between these countries, and hence the error inherent in a single-region input-output model. We also examine the effect of aggregation on the model results. In the case of Denmark, an 11 Mt CO₂ trade surplus resulting from a single-region model turns into balance when multidirectional trade is considered. Moreover, aggregated models are likely to result in significant errors. Therefore, both the type and the degree of aggregation used for modelling CO₂ responsibilities could have a major bearing in international negotiations.     

Exploration and development of U.S. oil and gas fields, 1955-2002

We study the exploration and development of oil and gas fields in the U.S. over the period 1955-2002. We make four contributions to explain the economic evolution of the oil and gas industry during this period. First, we derive a testable model of the dynamics of competitive oil and gas field exploration and development. Second, we show how to empirically distinguish Hotelling scarcity effects from effects due to technological change. Third, we test these hypotheses using statewide panel data of exploration and development drilling. We find that the time paths of exploration, development and total wells drilled are dominated by Hotelling scarcity effects. Finally, we offer an explanation for why fixed costs from exploration can make the contracting equilibrium in the mineral rights market efficient.     

Factors driving embodied carbon in international trade: a multiregional input–output gravity model

ABSTRACT

Concerns about the effects and consequences of climate change have notably increased in recent decades. Despite large advances in the understanding of this phenomenon, further research into the determinants of gas emissions is necessary, to shed light on the responsibilities of producers and consumers, and their potential contribution to mitigation strategies. This paper studies the trajectories and determinants of carbon embodied in world trade during a period of 15 years. Our methodology relies on a multiregional input–output model, environmentally extended. Drawing on data from the World Input–Output Database, we estimate embodied emissions in bilateral flows. Then, we assess the determinants of CO₂ emissions embodied in trade, combining input–output modelling with trade gravity panel data analysis. This paper offers a methodological approach that explains and quantifies the underlying factors of carbon trade, integrating the production and consumption perspectives and considering the geographical, structural and institutional context of countries.     

Institutional Change and State-Owned Enterprises: Reflections from the Petrobras case study

Abstract

The Brazilian oil and gas (O&G) sector has experienced institutional changes that put an end to the state monopoly. The purpose of this article is to explain why Petrobras has remained dominant after the sector had been opened to competition. We consider that it is possible to explain this paradox via two ideas that emanate from North’s analysis on institutional change: first, by explaining institutional change as a continuous interrelation between formal and informal institutions and the political and economic organizations involved; second, by considering institutional change as a path-dependent process marked by a dialectic between elements of change and continuity.     

Modeling the Impacts of Corporate Commitment on Climate Change

The aim of this paper is to propose an integrative framework for understanding the determinants of business strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the impact of these determinants on performance. The proposed structural equation model is based on a survey of 319 Canadian manufacturing firms. The study calls into question the traditionally positive relationship between a firm's environmental commitment and its economic motivations. However, the results also show a win–win relationship between the commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and financial performance. This study contributes to the understanding of the motivations underlying the efforts manufacturers make to tackle climate change and their economic benefits. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

特低渗透油藏水驱、CO_2驱和水/CO_2交替驱效果对比

针对特低渗透油藏,在模拟实际油藏条件下开展水驱、CO2驱和水/CO2交替驱室内实验研究。结果表明:在相同条件下,水/CO2交替驱的采收率比CO2驱高22.63%,比水驱采收率高27.22%。水驱见水早,含水率上升快,注入压力高;CO2驱虽然注入压力低,但CO2气窜非常严重;水/CO2交替驱注入压力比CO2驱高,但远远低于水驱压力。水/CO2交替驱见气和见水时间较CO2驱和水驱晚,而且气油比和含水率上升速度慢。因此利用CO2驱油时,应首先选择水/CO2交替驱。