谈影响汽车仪表板支架质量的相关因素

仪表板支架总成不仅是仪表板系统的内部骨架,还是仪表板系统与白车身总成的连接支架,起到支撑仪表板系统的作用,为仪表板系统安装提供部件,以增加整个车身的强度.文章对某公司不同车型仪表板支架进行比较分析,概述了影响汽车仪表板支架质量的相关因素,从而获得影响汽车仪表板支架质量的相关信息,为后续仪表板支架的设计、制造及质量控制提供参考     

Panel design effects on response rates and response quality

To understand changes in individuals' opinions and attitudes, it would be best to collect data through panels. Such panels, however, often cause irritation among respondents, resulting in low response rates and low response quality. We address whether this problem can be alleviated by designing a panel survey in an alternative way. For this purpose, we perform two field studies where we measure the effects of several panel design characteristics on response rates and response quality. These characteristics include the number of waves and the time between subsequent waves, which may be either fixed or random. Our findings suggest that response rates and response quality can be improved significantly by surveying at random time intervals. It is then crucial that panel members are not informed about the dates they will be surveyed, because in this case, respondents are less likely to develop expectations as to when they will be surveyed again. The methodology we put forward can be used to improve the efficiency of a panel study by carefully calibrating the studies' panel design parameters.     

Socio-economic evaluation model for sustainable solar PV panels using a novel integrated MCDM methodology: A case in Turkey

Due to the increasing awareness of environmental, social and economic factors, solar photovoltaic (PV) system planning requires strategic decision making process for socio-economic development in many countries. The main objective of this paper is to propose a new Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach that is flexible and practical to the decision makers (DMs) in governments for solar PV panel manufacturer evaluation based on qualitative and quantitative factors. Accordingly, a novel two-stage MCDM model integrating Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Multiplicative Multi-Objective Ratio Analysis (MULTIMOORA) methods under Interval Valued Pythagorean Fuzzy (IVPF) environment is presented, and applied to select the most appropriate solar PV panel manufacturer for solar power plants in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. As a result, the proposed novel Integrated IVPF-AHP&MULTIMOORA method produces consistent and reasonable results to select the most appropriate solar PV panel manufacturer for the solar power plants in the cities of Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey considering some socio-economic sustainable indicators such as cost, environmental, efficiency and technical indices. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis are also applied to prove the robustness and verification of the results of the proposed approach.     

Coping with an emerging market competition through strategy-human resource alignment: case study evidence from five leading Japanese manufacturers in the People's Republic of China

This paper documents how PRC-based Japanese affiliates can align their human resource management (HRM) policies and practices with their business strategies based on in-depth interview surveys of the five leading Japanese manufacturers in China. In particular, using a multiple-informant research design to interview both top and human resource managers in each site, the study has attempted to clarify the strategic fit between the business strategies pursued and HRM practices adopted in China. Our interviews with top management for each affiliate revealed three types of business strategies that the PRC-based affiliates adopt to gain competitiveness in the Chinese market. Separate interviews with HR managers further clarified that affiliates' HRM efforts are aligned with the strategy each affiliate is pursuing. The findings are used to suggest several hypothesized relationships between the particular strategies pursued and the HRM practices adopted in China. Furthermore, this study has provided some important insights as to how the choice of affiliate-level business strategies in China affects the ‘hybridization’ processes of the HRM policies and practices used in the cross-national business environment.     

Reliable Inference in Categorical Regression Analysis for Non‐randomly Coarsened Observations

In most surveys, one is confronted with missing or, more generally, coarse data. Traditional methods dealing with these data require strong, untestable and often doubtful assumptions, for example, coarsening at random. But due to the resulting, potentially severe bias, there is a growing interest in approaches that only include tenable knowledge about the coarsening process, leading to imprecise but reliable results. In this spirit, we study regression analysis with a coarse categorical‐dependent variable and precisely observed categorical covariates. Our (profile) likelihood‐based approach can incorporate weak knowledge about the coarsening process and thus offers a synthesis of traditional methods and cautious strategies refraining from any coarsening assumptions. This also allows a discussion of the uncertainty about the coarsening process, besides sampling uncertainty and model uncertainty. Our procedure is illustrated with data of the panel study ‘Labour market and social security' conducted by the Institute for Employment Research, whose questionnaire design produces coarse data.     

Estimation Strategies for a Spatial Dynamic Panel using GMM. A New Approach to the Convergence Issue of European Regions

Abstract

While estimation methods for dynamic panel data and spatial econometric models are standard in economic literature, there has been a relatively recent development in methods which include spatial considerations in dynamic panel data models. This paper proposes two estimation strategies for spatial dynamic panel data models using the generalized method of moments (GMM). The first is to extend the moment restrictions of Arellano and Bond's estimator to a spatial autoregressive dynamic panel. The second allows for spatial dependence in the error process. The empirical application focuses on European regional growth over a 25-year period. We find empirical evidence of conditional convergence, which is significantly affected by spatial disparities.

Stratégies d'estimation pour un panel dynamique spatial faisant usage de GMM. Une nouvelle approche pour le problème de la convergence de régions d'Europe

Rèsumè Bien que les méthodes d'estimation pour les données de panels dynamiques, et les modèles économétriques spatiaux, sont des instruments standards dans les ouvrages d’économie, on a assisté à une évolution relativement récente des méthodes, qui comprend des considérations spatiales dans les modèles de panels dynamiques. La présente communication propose deux stratégies d'estimation concernant des modèles de données de panel dynamique spatiales faisant usage de la méthodes des moments généralisés (MMG). La première consiste à étendre les restrictions de moments de l'estimateur d'Arellano et Bond à un panel dynamique autorégressif spatial. La deuxième tient compte de la dépendance spatiale dans le processus des erreurs. L'application empirique se concentre sur l'expansion régionale en Europe au cours d'une période de 25 ans. Nous relevons des preuves empiriques de convergence conditionnelle, qui sont affectées de façon significative par des disparités spatiales.

Estrategias de estimación para un panel dinámico espacial utilizando GMM. Un nuevo planteamiento de la cuestión de la convergencia de regiones europeas

Extracto Aunque los métodos de estimación para datos dinámicos de panel y modelos econométricos espaciales son estándar en la bibliografía económica, se ha producido un desarrollo relativamente reciente en dichos métodos que incluye consideraciones espaciales en modelos de datos dinámicos de panel. Este estudio propone dos estrategias de estimación para los modelos de datos espaciales dinámicos de panel utilizando el método general de momentos (GMM). El primero sirve para extender las restricciones de momentos del estimador de Arellano y Bond a un panel espacial dinámico autorregresivo. El segundo tiene en cuenta una dependencia espacial en el proceso de error. La aplicación empírica se centra en el crecimiento regional europeo en un período de 25 años. Descubrimos evidencia empírica de convergencia condicional, que es afectada significativamente por disparidades espaciales.

     

建筑幕墙工程的技术要求及质量控制

文章介绍了建筑幕墙工程的结构设计、施工要点及施工质量控制措施,并对其弊端进行了分析,提出了处理措施。     

Does Repeated Measurement Improve Income Data Quality?

This paper exploits a natural experiment created by a survey design to show that the quality of income data systematically changes across waves of a panel. We estimate that the effect of being interviewed for a second time, relative to the first, is to increase mean monthly income by 8%. Dependent interviewing – a recall device commonly used in panel surveys – explains one third of the observed increase. The remaining share is attributed to changes in respondent behaviour (panel conditioning). We review the evidence for and against a reporting improvement vs. a behavioural response by survey participants.     

仪表板总成布置及人机工程分析

仪表板上密布各类仪表及操纵开关,是人机交互的中心界面。在设计过程中,仪表板始终与人机工程紧密结合在一起。仪表板总成开发时,通过初期零件布置、中期细节调整、后期实车评审等各个阶段反复而细致的人机校对,来保证仪表板的人机舒适性。     

卷扬机吊装高耸异型结构清水砼挂板关键施工技术

清水混凝土挂板属于预制混凝土外墙挂板范畴,目前,传统的混凝土挂板工艺趋于成熟,并且国家具有相关标准图集,但对结构为高耸、外型均为不规则的倾斜立面的挂板安装,尤其对外观设计分块要求转角部位采用大转角板的安装,传统工艺不能满足要求。随着国家经济的发展,市场对建筑高度及建筑造型需求越来越高,建筑造型的奇特性给传统施工工艺带来了挑战,我公司施工的长沙滨江文化园景观塔工程建筑外形新颖,建筑外立面均为不规则的倾斜外墙,阴阳角多,且角度多样,倾斜外墙的挂板高度近百米。每块清水混凝土挂板的规格尺寸大,重量重,挂设高度高,单块板重达0.8t,这对挂板的加工精度、挂板安装精度和安装方法提出了更高的要求。     

Durations in Panel Data Subject to Attrition: A Note on Estimation in the Case of a Stock Sample1

In the empirical analysis of unemployment durations or job durations, it is generally assumed that the stochastic processes underlying labour market behaviour and the behaviour concerning participation in a panel survey are independent. As a consequence, spells that are incomplete due to attrition can be treated as spells that are subjected to independent right censoring. However, if the assumption of independence is violated, i.e. if for example the probability of dropping out of the panel is related to the rate at which a job is found, then attrition may have to be modelled and estimated jointly with the unemployment duration distribution to avoid biased estimates of the rate at which individuals become employed. A way to model the joint dependence is by means of stochastically related unobserved determinants. We discuss some properties of these kinds of models and state conditions needed to estimate such models in the case of stock sampled duration data.     

新型墙板产品的性能及应用

为进一步推动我国新型墙板的应用,本文详细介绍目前常用新型墙板的主要产品及其性能,分析了目前各板材墙体产品的主要技术性能及目前使用中存在的各种问题,并就相应的解决措施进行了探讨。     

Asymmetric effects of corporate sustainability strategy on value creation among global automotive firms: A dynamic panel quantile regression approach

This study explores the asymmetric effects of corporate sustainability strategy on firm value at different conditioning quantiles by performing a dynamic panel quantile regression analysis on global automotive firms from 2011 to 2017. Further, this study measures the distinct effects of positive and negative corporate sustainability strategies on firm value, which has remained unconsidered as yet. The findings suggest that low-value and midvalue firms respond more strongly to positive and negative corporate sustainability strategies than high-value firms. This implies that for low-value and midvalue corporations that are in a growth phase, an investment in positive corporate sustainability strategies is essential to increase firm value by enhancing public perception of their efforts. Therefore, positive corporate sustainability strategy contributes substantially to future growth. Conversely, positive corporate sustainability strategy may not be a priority in increasing firm value for high-value corporations, because these strategies do not enhance the public's discernment of their efforts in ethics management and hence do not contribute to a future increase in value. Meanwhile, engagement in negative corporate sustainability strategy worsens firm value in all quantiles, although the effect is somewhat weaker for high-value firms. Nevertheless, however high valued and well established a firm is, it is not immune to crisis.     

点支承玻璃幕墙的设计与施工技术

文章介绍了点支承玻璃幕墙的设计与施工技术及其施工过程中的质量控制措施。     

Spatial Vector Autoregressions

Abstract

A spatial vector autoregressive model (SpVAR) is defined as a VAR which includes spatial as well as temporal lags among a vector of stationary state variables. SpVARs may contain disturbances that are spatially as well as temporally correlated. Although the structural parameters are not fully identified in SpVARs, contemporaneous spatial lag coefficients may be identified by weakly exogenous state variables. Dynamic spatial panel data econometrics is used to estimate SpVARs. The incidental parameter problem is handled by bias correction rather than more popular alternatives such as generalised methods of moments (GMM). The interaction between temporal and spatial stationarity is discussed. The impulse responses for SpVARs are derived, which naturally depend upon the temporal and spatial dynamics of the model. We provide an empirical illustration using annual spatial panel data for Israel. The estimated SpVAR is used to calculate impulse responses between variables, over time, and across space. Finally, weakly exogenous instrumental variables are used to identify contemporaneous spatial lag coefficients.     

Measurement error and panel data1

The underidentification of linear models with measurement error does not necessarily extend to panel data models, as has been shown by GAiliches and Hausman (1986). We discuss and extend some of their results for a simple case and address particular issues concerning identification and asymptotic variances.     

Neglected dynamics in panel data models; consequences and detection in finite samples*

The bias of various estimators for static cross-section and panel data models is assessed in a simulation study, where the actual data generating process is a dynamic adjustment mechanism with random individual effects. It is concluded that the consequences of incorrectly estimating a static model can be rather serious. Therefore, it is important to have an accurate technique available for the detection of dynamics. Two exact similar tests for the presence of a lagged dependent variable in panel data models are developed; in some simulation experiments these tests outperform standard asymptotic test procedures. Empirical results on Engle curves for food illustrate the above issues.     

A Generalized Method of Moments Estimator for a Spatial Panel Model with an Endogenous Spatial Lag and Spatial Moving Average Errors

Abstract

This paper proposes a new generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator for spatial panel models with spatial moving average errors combined with a spatially autoregressive dependent variable. Monte Carlo results are given suggesting that the GMM estimator is consistent. The estimator is applied to English real estate price data.     

Longitudinal Surveys and the Study of Occupational Mobility: Panel and Retrospective Design in Comparison

The paper discusses the extent to which longitudinal surveys are able to expose occupational mobility and the dynamics of these processes. It compares two survey designs: the repeated panel design and the retrospective life history design. This comparison details the strength and the weaknesses of the two designs. The paper particularly calls attention to the unique features of the two designs with respect to the exploration of occupational mobility – pointing to three general problems of quantitative social research: item-nonresponse, design effects of single and multi-measurement occasion, and the strong assumption that researchers and respondents share the same definition of concepts. The main conclusion of the paper is that both designs offer unique opportunities to study social change, yet the differences between the two should be kept in mind when choosing the data set for particular research questions.     

On modeling panels of time series*

This paper reviews research issues in modeling panels of time series. Examples of this type of data are annually observed macroeconomic indicators for all countries in the world, daily returns on the individual stocks listed in the S&P500, and the sales records of all items in a retail store. A panel of time series concerns the case where the cross‐sectional dimension and the time dimension are large. Often, there is no a priori reason to select a few series or to aggregate the series over the cross‐sectional dimension. The use of, for example, a vector autoregression or other types of multivariate models then becomes cumbersome. Panel models and associated estimation techniques are more useful. Due to the large time dimension, one should however incorporate the time‐series features. And, the models should not have too many parameters to facilitate interpretation. This paper discusses representation, estimation and inference of relevant models and discusses recently proposed modeling approaches that explicitly aim to meet these requirements. The paper concludes with some reflections on the usefulness of large data sets. These concern sample selection issues and the notion that more detail also requires more complex models.