“十二五”期间节能减排对策建议

"十二五"规划中,我国节能减排除要求单位GDP的能耗下降16%之外,进一步强调了碳强度和非化石能源比重目标:碳排放降低17%,且在2015年底一次能源消费结构中非化石能源比重达到11.4%。然而,2011年我国单位GDP能耗仅实现2.01%降幅,低于3.5%的预期目标,相关的碳强度目标同样未达标;非化石能源比     

河南省碳排放状况浅析

CO2排放快速增长影响全球气候变化,党中央、国务院高度重视应对气候变化工作,把应对气候变化工作纳入到经济社会发展中长期规划中。河南省作为人口和能源消费大省,能源消费碳排放是二氧化碳排放的主要来源,本文分析河南省能源消费和碳排放现状,得到河南省能源消费以煤为主、单位GDP能耗仍然较高、工业能耗占社会能耗比重较大和2000年以来社会总碳排放量持续上升,但单位GDP碳排放量保持持续下降的结论,并根据分析提出转变发展方式、调整经济结构、走节能低碳发展道路的建议。     

提高能源效率与经济结构调整的策略分析

新型工业化的一个显著特征就是要求降低能源强度(单位产值消耗的能源量)，提高能源使用效率。本文首先对能源效率、节能的内涵进行界定，从能源物理效率、单位产值能耗、单位产品能耗等方面分析了我国能源效率的现状特征，以及与先进能源效率水平国家的差距，基于产值能耗与经济结构调整关系的分析，提出了降低能源强度的主要策略。     

中国发展低碳经济的影响因素研究——基于扩展的STIRPAT模型分析

深入探讨发展低碳经济的主要影响因素,对转变经济发展方式、建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会有着重要的理论和现实意义.因此,基于扩展的STIRPAT模型,利用1990年--2009年统计数据,对我国发展低碳经济的主要影响因素及其贡献率进行了实证研究.结果表明,人均国内生产总值、人口规模、单位能耗碳排放量、能源消费结构等对碳排放量有显著的正向影响,而产业结构、城市化水平、国际贸易分工对碳排放量影响不显著;其中人均国内生产总值持续增长是碳排放量增加的最大正向影响因素,且其贡献率也最大;能源强度变动是碳排放量增加的最大负向影响因素,其对碳排放量的增加具有一定的抑制作用.     

河南省能源消费碳排放的演变与预测

根据各类能源的碳排放系数和能源消费的数据估算的1978～2010年河南省能源消费碳排放量,利用环境库兹涅茨曲线的理论和方法分析的碳排放量和人均碳排放量与人均GDP之间的关系,基于回归与ARMA组合模型、STIRPAT模型对不同情景下"十二五"时期河南省能源消费碳排放量和碳排放强度进行预测,结果表明:1978年以来河南省能源消费碳排放量的变动大致可以分为四个阶段;河南省碳排放库兹涅茨曲线呈倒N型,碳排放量和人均碳排放量未来的拐点将出现在人均GDP为28000元和23000元左右;若河南省"十二五"时期经济增长、人口增长、能源消耗强度、产业结构和能源消费结构调整的目标顺利实现,则可以实现碳排放强度降低17%的目标。     

江苏:努力实现节能降耗和经济增长双目标

一、江苏省能源消费与经济增长的关系(一)能源消费强度能源消费强度也称单位产值能耗,简称能源强度,是一个国家或地区、部门或行业在一定时间内单位产值消耗的能源量,反映了经济对能源的依赖程度和能源利用的效益。总体上看,近年来,江苏的     

基于能源投入产出表分析四川天然气能耗强度

四川是我国天然气消费最成熟的地区。我们根据2002年、2005年、20007年四川省各产业产值及其消费各种能源的相关数据,编制实物价值型能源投入产出表,建立能源投入产出模型,分析四川天然气的直接能耗和完全能耗;在此基础上,采用因素分解法,将天然气能耗变动因素分解为能源强度变化、产品技术变化和最终需求变化等三方面,从而找出影响四川天然气能耗强度变动的原因,准确揭示四川天然气能耗强度变化与四川各产业发展的关联。     

能源消费、碳排放和经济增长关系的实证性研究

通过运用协整检验和VAR模型,对能源消费、碳排放和经济增长的相关性进行了实证分析。计量结果表明我国的碳排放量、能源工业增加值、能源消费弹性系数以及国内生产总值增长率之间存在着长期稳定的均衡关系。其中我国碳排放量大小的变动对经济增长的影响较为显著。对我国目前而言,必须尽快加大第三产业在国民经济中的比重．特别是积极发展能耗低且附加值高的现代服务业,加快经济结构向能源集约型的转变。     

能源消费、碳排放与经济增长关系的文献综述

经济增长离不开能源消费,能源消费会导致大量碳排放.本文通过对能源和碳排放与经济增长关系的文献进行分析,研究了碳排放与经济增长的关系、能源消费与经济增长的关系以及能源消费、经济增长与碳排放三者之间的关系,以期对当前能源和碳排放与经济增长关系的研究状况进行梳理,为相关学者的研究提供参考.     

我国产业结构变动对碳排放强度影响的实证研究

通过建立模型,从横向和纵向两个角度分析了我国产业结构对碳排放强度的影响,实证结果表明：产业结构和能源消费结构对碳排放强度的变动有着较大影响;第二产业在经济结构中所占的比重高或煤炭消费占有较大比重的省区其碳排放强度较高,但通过调整和优化产业结构和能源消费结构可以有效达到降低碳排放强度的目的;第二产业对整个社会的碳排放强度的贡献率较大,其内部结构变化对碳排放强度变化有较大影响。因此,我国碳排放强度研究应该重点放在实行结构节能减排上,从调整产业结构、淘汰产能落后的行业、实施产业转移、改善能源利用结构等方面入手实现全国碳减排的目标。     

Analysing the roadblocks of circular economy adoption in the automobile sector: Reducing waste and environmental perspectives

The automobile industry is one of the most rapidly growing sectors in our society. The increase in demand for vehicles drives the growth of the automobile sector worldwide. Fabrication of vehicles consumes an enormous amount of water, energy and resources, thereby increasing carbon emissions. Nonbiodegradable and manufacturing waste after the end of life usage results in a significant contribution to incineration, landfills, air acidification and water eutrophication. The adoption of circular economy (CE) initiatives can play a significant role in dealing with increasing waste and environmental pollution. The main goal of CE is to recycle and reuse materials to reduce waste and also to minimise environmental impacts. This article strongly supports the adoption of CE in the Indian automobile industry. For the successful adoption of CE in the Indian automobile sector, first, it is important to analyse roadblocks to the adoption. Twenty potential roadblocks towards the adoption of CE have been identified from a literature review and in consultation with experts in the field. To capture the vagueness of the data and to carry out a robust analysis, a Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method with Fuzzy theory is employed. The results reveal that roadblock ‘lacking ability to deliver high-quality remanufactured products’ is ranked first among all considered roadblocks. This study will help the Indian automobile industry, decision makers, research practitioners and government officials develop effective strategies for adopting CE in Indian automobile companies. A sensitivity analysis has been conducted to validate the stability of results.     

我国能源战略选择的一些思考

党的十七大把能源战略提到了重要的议事日程。实现全面建设小康社会的目标,必须坚持把能源作为经济社会发展的战略重点,必须对中国能源发展战略的构建依据和基本构想做较为系统、深入和全面的研究。文章分析了我国能源面临的主要形势,从保证供应、节能优先、结构优化、环境友好、市场驱动5个方面,提出我国未来能源战略的选择和建议。     

我国能源战略选择的一些思考

党的十七大把能源战略提到了重要的议事日程。实现全面建设小康社会的目标,必须坚持把能源作为经济社会发展的战略重点,必须对中国能源发展战略的构建依据和基本构想做较为系统、深入和全面的研究。文章分析了我国能源面临的主要形势,从保证供应、节能优先、结构优化、环境友好、市场驱动5个方面,提出我国未来能源战略的选择和建议。     

Energy consumption and economic growth

The present paper discusses methods originally proposed by Adams and Miovic in 1968 (then refined and used later by many other authors) for calculating the output elasticity of useful energy consumption (?). We first show that this methodological approach is quite dubious. Better alternative methods of estimation are then proposed. We also stress that, since the marginal rate of interfuel substitution depends on the GDP functional form, the simulataneous use of several functional forms of GDP in energy studies leads obviously to misleading interpretations. Using thermal efficiency coefficients and OECD countries figures for the 1959–73 period, we finally found that ? did steadily fall from high values to values which are still higher than one.     

Multiple Objective Approach as an Alternative to Radial Projection in DEA

Radial projection is a standard technique applied in data envelopment analysis (DEA) to calculate efficiency scores for input and/or output variables. In this paper, we have studied the appropriateness of radial projection for target setting. We have created a situation where the decision making units (DMUs) are free to choose their own target values on the efficient frontier and then compared the results to those of radial projection. In practice, target values are primarily used for future goal attainment; hence, not only preferences but also, and on the whole, change in time frame, affect the choice of target values. Based on that, we conducted an empirical experiment with an aim to study how the DMUs choose their most preferred target values on the efficient frontier. The subjects, who all were students of the Helsinki School of Economics, were given the freedom to explore their personalized efficient frontiers by using a multiple objective linear programming (MOLP) approach. To study various and relevant scenarios, the personalized efficient frontiers for all students were constructed in such a way that the current position of each student in relation to the frontier made him/her inefficient, efficient, or super-efficient. The results show that the use of radial projection for target setting is too restrictive.     

Barriers to the circular economy in European small and medium‐sized firms

The concept of the circular economy (CE) is currently gaining impetus as a way to move towards sustainable, low‐carbon, resource‐efficient, and competitive economies. However, despite the potential benefits of CE activities, their implementation remains relatively rare. We use a cross‐sectional survey of European small and medium‐sized firms (SMEs) to identify the main barriers firms face to promote the CE, focusing specifically on the following: those related to a lack of resources (human and financial) and capabilities (expertise) and those related to the regulatory framework (administrative procedures and the costs of meeting the regulations). Our results indicate that it is the complexity of administrative/legal procedures and the costs of meeting regulations/legal standards that constitute the most significant barriers, whereas the lack of human resources is also perceived to be an obstacle by firms engaged in CE activities. Those obstacles may be considered revealed barriers, and it is only when the firms become involved in these activities that they actually perceive them. Furthermore, when we consider the breadth of CE activities, administrative procedures and regulations once again emerge as the most significant obstacles. Finally, we stress the need to distinguish between different CE activities given that the perception of barriers differs substantially across these activities. Firms undertaking a disruptive innovation redesigning products and services to minimize the use of materials are more likely to perceive all barriers as important. However, firms implementing such activities as minimizing waste, replanning energy usage, and using renewable energy only perceive those obstacles related to administrative procedures and regulations.     

Energy storage strategy analysis based on the Choquet multi-criteria preference aggregation model: The Portuguese case

With the increase in renewable energy generation and its problems related to output instability, storage systems must be implemented in parallel to account for this effect. Therefore, it is valuable to deepen the study of these technologies’ performances in their several application tiers, thus understanding the potential of each alternative, both per tier and as a whole. For this reason, a collaborative multi-criteria decision-aiding framework is proposed to rank the various available options in several layers of the energy storage market, constructed alongside experts and policy-makers from each tier that serve as actors of the decision-making process and using Portugal as a case study. Based on the Choquet multi-criteria preference aggregation model, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this framework is an unprecedented application in the energy sector. Beyond a critical review of the results, a scenario analysis was performed to explore interesting future possibilities that may aid governments to make decisions in the search for an energy sustainable development. Chemical storage solutions, such as Hydrogen and Methane, as well as several electrochemical batteries, especially Lithium- and Nickel-based ones, were the standout energy storage solutions. Chemical storage was shown to have the desired characteristics for the Long-term grid tier. Meanwhile, batteries, including Redox Flow in the first case, have overperformed in the Microgrid and Mobility tiers. No standout solutions appeared in the Short-term grid tier. Unsurprisingly, the aforementioned chemical storage systems, batteries, and Hot Water have presented themselves as the most politically interesting technologies, due to their multipurpose uses and intrinsic characteristics.     

Mapping circular economy activities in the European Union: Patterns of implementation and their correlates in small and medium‐sized enterprises

With the European Commission looking for ways to incentivize the adoption of circular economy (CE) activities by small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the European Union (EU), further insights into the implementation of CE activities across member states are needed. We analyse a European Commission survey conducted in 2016 among approximately 11,000 firms in EU‐28 member states in order to throw light on the conditions in which SMEs engage in five specific CE activities. In contrast to previous studies arguing that CE activities are independent of each other, we present novel findings demonstrating that seven patterns of engagement in CE can be identified in which activities are systematically interdependent. Further, we show that these patterns are associated with the organizational properties of SMEs and are differentially distributed among EU member states and industrial sectors. The interdependency of activities forms a hierarchy in which waste minimization is the most likely activity to be implemented in SMEs, followed, in descending order of likelihood, by replanning of energy use, redesigning products and services, and finally using renewable energy and replanning water usage. The findings have theoretical, managerial, and policy implications for the adoption of interdependent CE activities.     

ENERGY EFFICIENCY: ECONOMICS AND POLICY

Abstract Energy efficiency and conservation are major factors in the reduction of the environmental impact of the energy sector, particularly with regard to climate change. Energy efficiency also contributes to reducing external dependence and vulnerabilities in the energy domain. In this paper, we discuss the factors that influence energy efficiency and conservation decisions, and the most appropriate policies for their promotion. Although not all public policies seem justified, we argue that specific policies for promoting energy conservation may be required, preferably based on economic instruments or on the provision of information to consumers.