基于PMM多重插补法的线性模型系数估计量的模拟研究

在利用含无回答的经济数据建立线性回归模型,选择PMM多重插补法给出无回答的插补值。模拟结果显示,在任意无回答机制下,随着插补重数增大,系数估计量的偏差和均方误差减小不显著。对于任意无回答率,建议插补重数为5。在完全随机无回答机制下,随着无回答率增加,系数估计量的偏差或均方误差增大往往不显著。然而,在随机无回答机制下或在非随机无回答机制下,随着无回答率增加,系数估计量的偏差和均方误差增大往往显著。     

Hot deck插补和插补后数据的方差模拟研究

在抽样调查中，经常会遇到调查问卷中没有回答或者是某些题目没有回答的情况，这就是缺失数据的问题。处理项目无回答的缺失数据，常用的方法是插补。根据Rao和J．Shao的结果采用普通的jackknife方差会低估插补后数据的方差。如果有严重的方差低估，那就会对统计量的区间估计造成很大的影响。本文采用Montecarlo模拟的方法对这一问题进行了实证的研究，并且给出了普通的jackknife方差低估插补后数据方差的实际证据，同时支持了Rao和J．Shao提出的调整的jackknife方差。     

层级数据空间误差自回归模型的估计方法研究

本文建立同时考虑空间误差自回归和嵌套随机效应误差分量的层级数据空间误差自回归模型,并推导最优权重GMM估计量,对空间自回归系数和误差项的方差进行估计。然后,定义对应的FGLS估计量,对层级数据空间误差自回归模型的总体回归系数进行估计。通过蒙特卡洛模拟,验证了所提出模型估计量的有限样本性质。模拟结果表明,本文提出的最优权重GMM估计量以及总体回归系数的GMM FGLS估计量有很好的小样本性质。     

基于无信息先验的分层指数模型参数在Stein损失函数下的贝叶斯估计

参数估计问题是数理统计学中研究较多的一类问题.本文是基于一个无信息先验的分层指数模型在Stein损失函数下的贝叶斯估计.首先计算分层指数模型分别在平方误差损失函数和Stein损失函数下的贝叶斯后验估计量和相应的后验期望Stein损失(PESL),并且比较二者在两个损失函数下的大小.可以看出在Stein损失函数下的贝叶斯后验期望和对应的PESL均略小于平方误差损失函数下的相应量.然后,计算分层指数模型的参数在Stein损失函数下的贝叶斯估计,并通过均方误差来评价估计量的好坏,得出后验期望估计量拟合得最好.最后通过随机数值和我国31个省市自治区的结婚数据对以上理论进行了模拟和实证,说明了该模型和方法的有效性和实用性.     

利用样本轮换设计降低调查中的无回答影响

调查中无回答的存在往往是形成一种系统性误差的主要原因。它会造成统计分析结果产生偏差。文章主要讨论如何利用样本轮换技术有效地降低无回答带来的不良影响,从而提高统计估计的精度和分析结果的可靠性。     

利用样本轮换设计降低调查中的无回答影响

调查中无回答的存在往往是形成一种系统性误差的主要原因。它会造成统计分析结果产生偏差。文章主要讨论如何利用样本轮换技术有效地降低无回答带来的不良影响，从而提高统计估计的精度和分析结果的可靠性。     

人口普查质量评估中Logistic回归模型的应用

双系统估计量是目前估计目标总体真实人口数及人口普查净误差的主流方法,构造双系统估计量时,要求总体中的人口具有相同的登记概率。为达此目的,目前各国通行的做法是对人口总体进行抽样后分层。用Logistic回归模型取代抽样后分层是人口普查质量评估领域的前沿问题。本文系统地解读了基于Logistic回归模型的双系统估计量及其方差估计量,认为Logistic回归模型能够纳入更多的分层变量,具有很好的应用前景。     

具有异质性非参数时间趋势的面板数据模型的估计

本文为一类具有异质性非参数时间趋势的面板数据模型提出了一种简单估计方法。基于局部多项式回归的思想,首先去除数据中的时间趋势成分,然后由最小二乘法来估计公共系数,同时得到时间趋势函数的非参数估计。在一些正则条件下,研究了这些估计量的渐近性质,即在时间维度T和横截面维度n同时趋向无穷时,建立了各个估计量的渐近相合性和渐近正态性。最后通过蒙特卡洛模拟,考查了这种估计方法的有限样本性质。     

半参数变系数空间误差回归模型的估计

研究目标：克服半参数变系数回归模型中误差项可能存在的空间相关性问题。研究方法：提出一类新的半参数变系数空间误差回归模型,并构造其截面似然估计。研究发现：在小样本条件下,模型估计量具有良好的表现,其精度随着样本容量的增加而提高;应用该方法分析我国资源禀赋与地方公共品供给之间的相互关系,进一步证实了模型较强的适用性。研究创新：证明了估计量的一致性与渐近正态性,并通过蒙特卡洛模拟考察了估计方法的小样本表现。研究价值：新方法对于其他结构的半/非参数空间计量模型理论研究具有推广价值,其估计技术在经济、管理等学科中具有应用价值。     

线性模型参数的最优估计——基于对最小P乘估计的研究

本文通过随机模拟计算研究了线性回归模型参数的LP估计量的一些特性,当误差项服从不同的分布时,在LP估计量中寻找最优或接近最优的估计。     

Estimation of bias and standard error of an improved estimator of normal mean

This paper considers an improved estimator of normal mean which is obtained by considering a feasible version of minimum mean squared error estimator. The exact expression for the bias and the mean squared error are fairly complicated and do not provide any guidelines as how to estimate the standard error of improved estimator. As is well known that any estimator without a formula for standard error has little practical utility. We therefore derive unbiased estimators for the bias and mean squared error of the improved estimator. Incidently, they turn out to be minimum variance unbiased estimators. Further, this exercise yields a simple formula for estimating the standard error. Based on the criterion of estimated standard error, the efficiency of the improved estimator with respect to the traditional unbiased estimator (i.e., sample mean) is examined numerically. The relationship with asymptotic standard error is also studied.     

Restricted maximum likelihood estimation under Eisenhart model Ill

For a balanced two-way mixed model, the maximum likelihood (ML) and restricted ML (REML) estimators of the variance components were obtained and compared under the non-negativity requirements of the variance components by L ee and K apadia (1984). In this note, for a mixed (random blocks) incomplete block model, explicit forms for the REML estimators of variance components are obtained. They are always non-negative and have smaller mean squared error (MSE) than the analysis of variance (AOV) estimators. The asymptotic sampling variances of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimators and the REML estimators are compared and the balanced incomplete block design (BIBD) is considered as a special case. The ML estimators are shown to have smaller asymptotic variances than the REML estimators, but a numerical result in the randomized complete block design (RCBD) demonstrated that the performances of the REML and ML estimators are not much different in the MSE sense.     

Asymptotic expansions of the distributions of the structural variance estimators in a simultaneous equations system

Asymptotic expansions of three alternative classes of structural variance estimators associated with the k-class estimators of structural coefficients are derived for two parameter sequences: a sequence in which the non-centrality parameter increases while the sample size stays fixed (called large-μ or small-disturbance sequence), and that in which the number of observations increases. The accuracy of approximations to small-sample distributions are numerically examined with help of Monte Carlo studies. Properties of the sum of squared residuals of an estimated structural equation are also found from our study.     

Mean squared error efficient estimators of the variance components

Summary Pseudo Bayesian estimators for the variance components based on Jeffrey’s Rule are derived for the mixed balanced incomplete block design and are compared with the usual analysis of variance estimators in terms of mean squared error (MSE) efficiency. Numerical results show that Pseudo-Bayesian estimators are more efficient in numerical results.     

Estimation of finite population variance using random non-response in survey sampling

In this paper, an estimator of finite population variance proposed by Isaki (1983) is studied under the two different situations of random non-response suggested by Tracy and Osahan (1994). A distribution is proposed for the number of sampling units on which information could not be obtained due to random non-response. The estimators for the mean square errors of the proposed strategies are also suggested. This paper was written while both authors were members of the Dept. of Econometrics, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia. This paper was presented on SISC—1996, Sydney, Australia. The opinions and results discussed in this paper are of authors and not necessarily of their institutes.     

A general procedure of estimating the population variance when coefficient of variation of an auxiliary variable is known in sample surveys

This paper deals with the problem of estimating population variance ${{S}_{\rm y}^2}$ of the study variable y. We have suggested a family of estimators of population variance ${{S}_{\rm y}^2}$ using the transformations on both the study variable and the auxiliary variable when coefficient of variation of an auxiliary variable x is known. The suggested family of estimators is very wide from which we can generate many estimators by putting the suitable values of scalars. The bias and mean squared error have been obtained upto the first order of approximation. The empirical study is carried out to the support of the suggested family of estimators.     

Robust Small Area Estimation under Spatial Non‐stationarity

The effective use of spatial information in a regression‐based approach to small area estimation is an important practical issue. One approach to account for geographic information is by extending the linear mixed model to allow for spatially correlated random area effects. An alternative is to include the spatial information by a non‐parametric mixed models. Another option is geographic weighted regression where the model coefficients vary spatially across the geography of interest. Although these approaches are useful for estimating small area means efficiently under strict parametric assumptions, they can be sensitive to outliers. In this paper, we propose robust extensions of the geographically weighted empirical best linear unbiased predictor. In particular, we introduce robust projective and predictive estimators under spatial non‐stationarity. Mean squared error estimation is performed by two analytic approaches that account for the spatial structure in the data. Model‐based simulations show that the methodology proposed often leads to more efficient estimators. Furthermore, the analytic mean squared error estimators introduced have appealing properties in terms of stability and bias. Finally, we demonstrate in the application that the new methodology is a good choice for producing estimates for average rent prices of apartments in urban planning areas in Berlin.     

Taking ‘Don’t Knows’ as Valid Responses: A Multiple Complete Random Imputation of Missing Data

Incomplete data is a common problem of survey research. Recent work on multiple imputation techniques has increased analysts’ awareness of the biasing effects of missing data and has also provided a convenient solution. Imputation methods replace non-response with estimates of the unobserved scores. In many instances, however, non-response to a stimulus does not result from measurement problems that inhibit accurate surveying of empirical reality, but from the inapplicability of the survey question. In such cases, existing imputation techniques replace valid non-response with counterfactual estimates of a situation in which the stimulus is applicable to all respondents. This paper suggests an alternative imputation procedure for incomplete data for which no true score exists: multiple complete random imputation, which overcomes the biasing effects of missing data and allows analysts to model respondents’ valid ‘I don’t know’ answers.     

Fractional imputation for incomplete two-way contingency tables

Imputation procedures such as fully efficient fractional imputation (FEFI) or multiple imputation (MI) create multiple versions of the missing observations, thereby reflecting uncertainty about their true values. Multiple imputation generates a finite set of imputations through a posterior predictive distribution. Fractional imputation assigns weights to the observed data. The focus of this article is the development of FEFI for partially classified two-way contingency tables. Point estimators and variances of FEFI estimators of population proportions are derived. Simulation results, when data are missing completely at random or missing at random, show that FEFI is comparable in performance to maximum likelihood estimation and multiple imputation and superior to simple stochastic imputation and complete case anlaysis. Methods are illustrated with four data sets.