Growth dynamics of dedicated biotechnology firms in transition economies. Evidence from the Baltic countries and Poland

Countries undergoing the difficult transition from state ownership to market economies have characteristics which are often portrayed by scholars as adverse to the development of SMEs. Others nonetheless suggest that the performance of such firms can be positively influenced by business strategies. To develop a better understanding of the relation between these two seemingly different standpoints, this paper investigates the effects of (1) human capital; (2) administration system for start-ups; (3) financial capital; and (4) intellectual property rights on the emerging biotechnology industry in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland and considers the strategic response of two highly successful dedicated biotechnology firms (DBFs): Bioton in Poland and Fermentas in Lithuania. The results suggest that the decision to implement an internationalization strategy (and alliances with foreign partners) in association with the production of low cost, high quality products can drive the growth dynamics of SMEs.     

北京城市功能综合化的深层原因

政治中心是北京发展的决定性因素.在北京发展战略研究中,人口规模和建设规模是两大难题,规划指标反复被突破,原因是对政治中心的强大后续效应估计不足,对政治中心城市功能综合化估计不足.政治中心有直接后续效应,也有通过制度、文化、心理等因素延伸的间接后续效应.间接后续效应是城市发展的超经济动力.     

Host Country Politics and Internationalization: A Meta-Analytic Review

We study how host country politics influence internationalization. Our meta-analysis clarifies which ideas receive support across the empirical literature and reveals new theoretical insights in three areas: the conceptualization of host country politics, the impact of host country politics on internationalization steps, and the moderating influence of home-country conditions on the previous relation. First, regarding the concept of host country politics, we propose analysing host country politics rather than political risk, and separating political decision-making, i.e., regulation creation, from political administration, i.e., regulation implementation. Second, on the effect of host country politics on internationalization steps, we suggest a dynamic management across the internationalization process, with managers shifting from avoiding harm through country selection to pre-empting harm through entry mode selection, to adapting to harm to ensure survival. Third, studying how home-country conditions modify the impact of host country politics on internationalization, we propose that multinationals build political and uncertainty management capabilities from their exposure to home country conditions that help them manage host country politics better.     

Institutional quality and human capital development in Africa

This study investigates the role of institutional quality in human capital development using a panel of 49 African countries over the period 1996–2018. The study employs a dynamic model based on a two-step system generalized method of moments. The results show that improving institutional quality promotes access to primary, secondary, and tertiary education overall and for females. In particular, government effectiveness, control of corruption and political stability, and the absence of violence, including terrorism, are the most important dimensions that foster human capital development. The results suggest that fostering these particular institutional quality dimensions is critical to improving human capital development in Africa.     

教育、人力资本投资与经济增长——广东省和四川省的比较研究

人力资本在社会经济发展中具有基础性、战略性的作用。而教育是人力资本投资,提高人力资本质量的重要途径。本文利用生产函数分析比较广东省和四川省经济增长过程中人力资本投资对经济增长的产出弹性以及贡献率,实证了人力资本是经济增长的重要决定因素,并对教育和经济发展的关系做出较为全面的解释,对四川省的经济发展提出政策建议。     

基于企业家层面的新创企业国际化驱动力研究

传统国际化理论对企业国际化的动因与行为的分析只停留在企业与环境层面上探讨企业,没有深入到人的因素,忽略了企业家在企业国际化过程中的作用。而企业家作为决策者,支配着企业的商务活动,对包括国际化在内的企业战略制定与实施产生重要影响。本文结合新创企业国际化的新发展,把企业家层面的分析引入到国际化的分析框架之中,从企业家特质、企业家认知和企业家网络三个方面探讨了新创企业国际化中的企业家驱动力。     

The development of political skill and political capital by global leaders through global assignments

The purpose of this paper is to explain how developing global leaders through global assignments (i.e. in the form of expatriation and inpatriation) may lead to their acquisition of valuable political skill and political capital. First, using the theoretical frame of political influence theory, the benefit of political skill is explained relative to the development and augmentation of global leaders' capital portfolio during global assignments. Second, a distinction between social capital and political capital, as the integral components of global leader's capital portfolio, is made. In conclusion, the value of acquiring political skill and building human, cultural, social and political capital by global leaders is discussed separately for expatriate and inpatriate assignments.     

中国企业国际化经营：动因、战略与绩效——一个整合性分析框架与例证

建立在国际学术界关于国际化理论发展脉络的基础上,本文探讨了国际化的动因、战略与绩效及其相互关系,建立了一个企业国际化的整合性分析框架,并以华为公司的国际化案例进行验证。研究发现：在中国企业国际化过程中,第一,企业具有战略选择的可能性,企业的国际化需要、国际化机遇和国际化能力,是影响企业国际化战略选择的三个主要因素;第二,国际化动因、战略与绩效三者呈现出动因决定战略,战略影响绩效,而绩效又反作用于动因并使之发生变化的互动型关系。     

基于绩效提升的人力资本投资策略探析

人力资本已成为企业绩效的利润杠杆,但不同类型的人力资本具有不同的特点,具有不同的投资价值,因此企业必须考虑不同的人力资本特点,采取适当的投资策略才能使企业获得更高的人力资本回报,实现可持续发展。     

汽车零部件中小企业发展战略探讨

在需求不断增长的汽车零部件市场中,中小企业具有产业政策、激励机制灵活等优势,同时也有着规模小、自主研发能力差等劣势,在市场中处于从属地位。汽车零部件中小企业必须集中一点,发挥“专”“精”优势,积极采取插入、伴随以及国际化的战略,不断获得新的发展空间。     

澳大利亚会计国际化进程及其启示

自2005年开始,澳大利亚国内报告实体开始采用国际财务报告准则(IFRS),由此,澳大利亚的会计国际化进程宣告完成。本文通过回顾澳大利亚会计改革与发展历程,剖析其与IFRS趋同的内在动因,并审视澳大利亚政治、经济、立法等宏观背景对其会计国际化进程的深远影响,以期对我国的会计国际趋同提供借鉴。     

Human capital,social capital,and innovation: a multi-country study

The authors examine the effects of two forms of capital, i.e. human capital and social capital, on innovation at the country level. We use secondary data from the World Development Report on a country's overall human development to test for a relationship between human capital and innovation. We also use previous conceptualizations of social capital as comprising trust, associational activity, and norms of civic behaviour to test for relationships between these indicators of social capital and innovation using data from the World Values Survey. Unlike most previous studies that examined human and social capital within a given country, we develop and empirically test a theoretically grounded model that relates human and social capital to innovation at the societal level across 59 different countries, thus providing a more global view of the role of these two forms of capital in generating value. We find strong support for the positive relationship between human capital and innovation and partial support for the positive effect of trust and associational activity on innovation. However, contrary to our prediction, we find a negative relationship between norms of civic behaviour and one of our innovation measures.     

城市国际化的挑战与杭州的应对策略

国际化是城市发展的高级阶段和重要动力。随着我国城市化的加速和城市社会的来临,在全球化的背景下许多城市正加快推进国际化步伐,国际化问题逐步凸显。本文就城市国际化进程中面临的诸多挑战进行分析,着重以杭州为例,就其国际化的优势潜力与应对策略进行探讨,为推进城市国际化的健康发展提供一点参考思路。     

The interplay of entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial internationalization: an illustrative case of an Italian SME

This study describes SME internationalization as a process that combines entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial behaviour. We bring in insights from prior literature and use an illustrative case study of an Italian SME to demonstrate the interplay of entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial behaviour during the internationalization process. Our study shows that the combination of entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial internationalization cannot be fully explained with existing International Entrepreneurship literature or other internationalization theories, as they do not take into account the nonlinear nature of internationalization or explain why the process seems to reach a ‘glass ceiling’ beyond which it does not progress. The study concludes with a conceptual framework providing an alternative explanation. Based on our conceptual reasoning we propose that predominantly non-entrepreneurial internationalization can occur without developing a clearly defined internationalization strategy. Additionally, we argue that low commitment to internationalization prevents capability development and may lead to nonlinear internationalization. Furthermore, we suggest that family involvement may moderate a firm’s international entrepreneurial orientation, consequently leading to more non-entrepreneurial internationalization.

     

Social capital,internationalization and absorptive capacity: The electronics and ICT cluster of the Basque Country

This article analyses the case of a successful young high technology cluster in an old industrialized European region, the electronics and information and communications technology cluster in the Basque Country (Spain). Based on the findings of this case study, we propose that social capital and internationalization play an important role in increasing the absorptive capacity of clusters (thus, the capacity of a cluster to absorb, diffuse and creatively exploit extra-cluster knowledge), and hence, in sustaining their growth and dynamism. Absorptive capacity depends on the capacity of firms to establish intra- and extra-cluster knowledge linkages. We put forward in this article the fact that social capital fosters intra-cluster knowledge linkages, and cluster's internationalization the extra-cluster knowledge ones. Therefore, social capital and internationalization are key elements to increase the absorptive capacity of a cluster and its growth. Given the accumulative, path- and place-dependent nature of social capital and knowledge creation and accumulation, we employed a largely qualitative and historical analysis, combining statistical and qualitative cluster data and interviews with key actors.     

Strategies for Internationalizing the Business Curriculum in the Asia Pacific

SUMMARY

With the rapid economic growth of the East Asian countries, there has been an increasing interest in the education and skill development strategies used in the region. One of the critical features of Singapore's human resource development strategy is the emphasis on regionalization and internationalization of the academic curriculum. The trend of this internationalization may be attributable to three major factors: Singapore government's regionalization policy, distance learning programs offered by foreign universities, and the overseas assignment of Singaporean managers as expatriates. This paper presents an overview of the internationalization of the business curriculum at the graduate and undergraduate level in Singapore, particularly at the Nanyang Technological University (NTU). The Nanyang Business School, although a young institution, is rapidly moving towards the internationalization process in various areas. At present its student body is drawn from more than 20 countries. About a third of its business faculty come from about 19 countries. At the undergraduate level, students are encouraged to study foreign languages, and required to take the international business course irrespective of their functional specialization. In addition, most functional areas of specialization offer at least one international course as an elective choice. Some of the students also complete their required professional attachment abroad. At the graduate level, the unique feature of it's MBA program is the compulsory International Business Study Mission. The newly introduced MBA specialization in International Business adds another dimension. The school is now focusing on extensive research efforts in the area of regional-ization and globalization of business through its several research centers. The paper also identifies a few concerns such as the rapid changes in the pedagogy due to the overall systemic changes in the curriculum from the traditional British education model and the availability of suitable case studies.     

关于我国中小企业国际化的人力资源管理思考

随着改革开放的不断深化,我国已经有不少中小企业走上了国际化发展道路,然而,人力资源的匮乏,尤其是国际经营人才的严重不足已经成为中小企业进一步国际化的障碍。本文试图分析我国中小企业的人力资源现状,并结合本人对中小型国际企业的访谈资料,提出加强我国中小企业国际化人力资源管理的思考。     

Disentangling the influence of internationalization on sustainability development: Evidence from the energy sector

This paper aims to deepen our understanding of the relationship between firms' internationalization and their sustainability development. We expected firms with a higher level of internationalization to exhibit better environmental management and performance. A sample of 287 publicly traded firms in the energy and energy‐related utilities sector was used to test these relationships. We focused on the energy sector, as energy production and supply have historically accounted for the lion's share of global greenhouse gas emissions. We found that firms' level of internationalization had a positive effect on their environmental management, whereas its effect on environmental performance was not found to be significant. We also tested whether these relationships change when firms' internationalization is oriented towards developing countries. Upon a closer look, the relationship was found to be significant between internationalization towards developing countries and better environmental management, thus contributing to the line of literature that does not support the pollution haven hypothesis.     

基于绩效管理的中小企业人力资本提升

随着经济发展,绩效与企业人力资本的关系已经得到人们认可。人力资本为企业带来的核心竞争力是企业长期竞争优势与长期绩效提高的源泉,是企业取得现实及长远良好绩效的根本保证。因此讨论绩效管理中各种因素如人力资源管理者的选拔、战略性绩效管理的实施、领导层的支持以及绩效沟通的效果,对中小企业人力资本提升具有重要的现实意义。     

产业集群演化和发展中的人力资本作用研究

作为区域经济发展的领头模式,产业集群经济现象备受学界和政府瞩目。人力资本在产业集群的形成和发展创新中作用重要,但目前还未引起很大的重视。站在人力资本理论视角,可以对产业集群的相关理论研究做一定程度的弥补和修正,提出一些基于人力资本投资的产业创新策略,以促进产业集群的可持续发展。