一种新的考虑全要素生产率的成本函数估计法

研究目标：探索全要素生产率异质性对成本函数模型估计的影响。研究方法：简要归纳出各类成本函数族和基于半参数法的生产函数改良思路,将以往用于生产函数估计的Olley-Pakes（OP法）运用到成本函数估计中,构建了一个基于半参数估计的成本函数计量模型。研究发现：通过与最小二乘法、固定效应、随机前沿的回归结果对比发现,OP法用于估计成本函数能够在一定程度上控制同步性问题以及样本选择偏差问题,并能测算与分解企业间异质的全要素生产率。研究创新：通过改良成本函数估计方法以控制全要素生产率的异质性和同步性问题。研究价值：对该方法论的探讨有助于成本函数在经济统计、计量经济模型估计、政策效应评估等领域的推广与改良。     

全要素生产率研究方法述评

全要素生产率作为反映经济增长质量的重要指标,近年来引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。目前测算全要素生产率的方法大致分为两类：参数方法和非参数方法,它们的区别在于是否需要假设具体的生产函数形式。文章以上述分类方法为基础,对全要素生产率的研究方法进行了详细论述,并总结了不同方法在测算中的优势和不足,同时对相关研究文献进行了简要评述。最后,对我国全要素生产率的研究方向进行了探讨。     

半参数趋势阈值面板模型及其参数估计

半参数趋势面板数据模型在社会经济问题的实证分析中具有很强的适用性,但现有的研究中,半参数趋势面板模型考虑了时间趋势的非线性,但没有考虑政策等因素对参数的影响。本文将结构突变理论引入截面相关下的半参数趋势面板模型,并基于PPLE方法,建立了有效估计量和识别程序。通过仿真实验和实证应用,验证了对于含有突变点的半参数趋势面板模型,EPPLE方法的参数估计是有效的。     

中国服务业碳生产率变动的差异及收敛性研究

研究目标：中国服务业碳生产率变动的差异及收敛性。研究方法：采用SBM方向性距离函数和Global Malmquist-Luenberger(GML)指数,对2004~2013年中国服务业分行业的碳生产率进行测算,并对其进行收敛性检验。研究发现：中国服务业碳生产率整体呈增长趋势,技术进步是其增长的主要因素,技术效率并没有发挥出应有的提升服务业碳生产率的作用,利用效率的改善来提高服务业碳生产率增长还有很大的空间。此外,中国服务业碳生产率并没有呈现显著的σ收敛,而绝对β收敛和条件β收敛模型研究表明,中国服务业分行业间的碳生产率总体差异正在逐步缩小。研究创新：将碳生产率的测算及收敛性研究延伸到服务业领域。研究价值：有利于低碳经济背景下服务业碳生产率的提升和节能减碳目标的实现。     

非平衡面板数据的全要素生产率测算方法

研究目标:在广义DEA的理论框架下对传统DEA-Malmquist指数方法进行修正，从而使非平衡面板数据的全要素生产率测算结果更为合理。研究方法:应用广义DEA方法的基本原理，将传统DEA-Malmquist指数方法的理论基础从“自评体系”拓展到“他评体系”,给出一种修正的DEA-Malmquist指数方法，并将这些方法应用于2005～2018年中国西部地区经济全要素生产率的测算中。研究发现:基于广义DEA理论的修正DEA-Malmquist指数方法有效消除了数据缺失对Malmquist指数测算的影响，在非平衡面板数据的全要素生产率测算方面更具合理性和稳定性。研究创新:在广义DEA的理论框架下实现了非平衡面板数据全要素生产率的有效测算。研究价值:为全要素生产率的测算提供了全新思想，同时也增强了DEA方法在处理非平衡面板数据方面的能力。     

我国高技术产业研发投入对经济增长贡献的定量分析

文章着重探讨了高技术产业R＆D经费投入对全要素生产率（TFP）的影响作用,并对这一作用进行了合理的参数估计,在此基础上,对高技术产业R＆D经费投入对经济增长的贡献进行了定量测算.     

经济增长研究中的资本度量

经济增长理论中,资本始终都是一个处于中心地位、也是最有争议的参数。很久以来,经济学界就存在着关于什么是资本和应该如何去度量它的争论。随着经济计量方法在经济增长研究中的广泛使用,直接导致了对资本度量的进一步需要,并由此引发了60年代引人瞩目的关于资本理论的剑桥之争,这些都推动了资本度量理论和实践的发展。这些进展在发达国家已经对实际统计部门产生了重要影响。80年代以来,中国学者开始吸收国外经济增长理论和方法,在技术进步、生产率测算、经济增长因素分析方     

中国高质量发展阶段下的产业结构变迁与经济增长研究——基于结构-效率-速度的逻辑框架

本文以结构-效率-速度为逻辑框架，在分析 “服务业成本病”与“结构性减速”形成机制的基础上，通过成本 曼奎斯特模型与传统径向曼奎斯特模型相结合的非参数方法测算产业的全要素生产率、规模效率、配置效率及技术进步和价格效应的增长率。研究表明：（1）“服务业成本病”和“结构性减速”实质上一脉相承，以“服务业成本病”现象来反驳经济增长进入“结构性减速”阶段是自相矛盾的；（2）中国各产业的技术进步增长对其全要素生产率增长起决定性作用，各产业的技术进步增长减缓使得其全要素生产率增长下降，从而导致中国经济增速下滑；（3）在全要素生产率层面上，服务业并非是“技术停滞”部门，但服务业内部部门的全要素生产率增长存在较大异质性，生活性服务业的全要素生产率增长较快，而生产性服务业和公共服务业的全要素生产率增长缓慢；（4）中国各产业的配置效率增长总体上比较缓慢，进一步着力深化市场化改革和供给侧结构性改革势在必行。     

经济增长因素分析模型:对索洛模型的一个扩展

决定经济增长的两个直接因素分别是生产要素投入量的增长和全要素生产率的增长，索洛增长核算方程清晰而又简明地表达了这一思想，但其过于严峻的假设条件大大降低了该模型对经济增长事实的解释力和政策含义。本文对索洛模型的假设条件进行了分析和放松，并在借鉴内生增长理论的基础上对索洛模型进行扩展，从而得出一个具有较强适用性的经济增长因素分析模型。     

长江经济带农业绿色全要素生产率评价及时空演化分析北大核心

计算农业绿色全要素生产率对探索长江经济带农业绿色增长路径具有重要理论和实践指导意义。本文从静态和动态两个角度进行了分析,利用SBM超效率模型测算了2012-2019年长江经济带农业绿色全要素生产率,并采用GML指数分析农业绿色全要素生产率的时空演化和生产率的变化来源。研究结果表明:长江经济带中下游地区的农业绿色全要素生产率高于上游地区,但上游地区的增速更快,增长动力主要是技术进步。研究同时发现:《长江经济带发展规划纲要》的发布对农业绿色全要素生产率的增长有明显推动作用。最后从制定差异性的农业绿色发展政策、加强农业科技研发和构建农业面源污染防治体系三方面提出相关政策建议。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.     

Capturing the Implications of Services Trade Liberalization

This paper evaluates the impact of service sector trade liberalization on the world economy by a ten-region, eleven-sector CGE model with import embodied technology transfer from developed countries to developing countries. Simulation results show that service sector trade liberalization not only directly affects world service production and trade, but also has significant implications for other sectors in the economy. The major channel of the impact is through inter-industry input-output relations and TFP growth induced from services imported by developing countries from developed countries, which may be embodied with new information and advanced technology.     

Performance appraisal and culture: practice and attitudes in Hong Kong and Great Britain

This article compares the practice of and attitudes towards performance appraisal for managerial and professional staff in Hong Kong and Britain, and considers the extent to which actual practice and employee preferences are in alignment. Findings suggest that appraisal may be more widespread in Hong Kong than in Britain. However, British appraisal tends to be more participative and to place greater emphasis on discussing objectives, development and career plans. Hong Kong appraisals appear to be more directive and Hong Kong respondents perceive a higher level of 'negative' appraiser behaviour. In spite of this, Hong Kong respondents show if anything slightly more confidence in the utility of appraisal than do British respondents. They show stronger support for appraisal's use for reward and punishment and less support for the objectives-setting and training and development uses than do the British sample. Hong Kong respondents are more likely than their British counterparts to favour involving a more senior manager in appraisal, and they are less likely to prefer more frequent appraisals. There was little evidence that Hong Kong respondents had a stronger preference for group-based appraisal criteria, although they did show more support than the British sample for the use of personality as a basis for appraisal. Overall, the suggestion is that appraisal has been adopted in Hong Kong organizations but that the practice of appraisal has been adapted to suit the cultural characteristics of the society.     

Narrative construction of expatriate experience and career cycle: discursive patterns in Finnish stories of international

Expatriate experience is not only a disconnected occasion for cross-cultural anxiety and adjustment but also an important event in the process of self-development and learning. Following this view and arguing for a discursive approach, the paper focuses on ways in which expatriates themselves tell and interpret their development and movement across expatriate career cycle. Meaning systems connecting expatriate job with previous and following work experiences in career stories of Finnish engineers and managers were identified using a combination of narrative and discourse analysis. No evidence was found of an autonomous expatriate discourse but, in contrast, expatriate career cycle was narrated using available organizational repertoires of development and career. Describing and discussing the meaning-making properties of three identified discourses - bureaucratic, occupational and enterprising - the paper emphasizes the organizational environment of expatriate experience while acknowledging the limits of these contemporary career vocabularies in addressing individual learning and change in cross-cultural settings.     

Internet professionals: job skills for an on-line age

The paper explores the increasing popularity of the Internet technology Singapore. It argues that the diffusion of Internet technology to South-East Asia would create new duties and responsibilities for human resource (HR) managers. One such duty is the identification of the skills which professional Internet staff would need to perform their work effectively in organizations. Using a triangulation research method, empirical study has identified the new professional Internet jobs which have emerged the IT industry in Singapore and the skills that professional Internet personnel require do their jobs effectively. Analysis of the findings indicates that professional Internet skills involve both technical and creative abilities and that, in explaining or defining professional Internet skills, it is necessary to use both the technical and the social conceptions of skill. This argument is based on the view that the creative skills include tacit skills so that a definition based solely on the technical conception of skill cannot capture the various dimensions of Internet skills. The implications of the research findings for human resource managers are raised.