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1.
借鉴Lacoviello关于代表性消费者跨期消费效用最大化的理论模型,将非经济性公共品消费纳入消费效用函数,分析地方政府"土地财政"依赖影响居民消费的机理,发现地方政府对"土地财政"依赖通过影响地方政府财政支出结构及房价波动来间接影响居民消费。利用2003—2012年中国30个省区的经验证据、使用系统广义矩方法对理论假说进行了实证检验,研究结果表明,总体上地方政府对"土地财政"的依赖与居民消费之间存在显著负相关关系;考虑到中国城乡二元经济结构,又进一步将居民消费支出分为城镇与农村居民消费支出两大类,发现地方政府对"土地财政"的依赖度与农村居民消费负相关而与城镇居民消费正相关。  相似文献   

2.
市场经济条件下.企业在其行为选择时追求自身效益最大化。税收的征收无疑增加了企业负担,减少了企业的既得利益,影响了企业的行为选择。在既定的税收条件下.企业会尽力通过恰当的制度安排降低税收带来的效率损失,提高自身的经济效率。企业的制度安排包括很多方面,其中主要是资本结构,治理结构两个方面。企业在融资过程中加入了“税收楔子”时.资本结构有所改变.由税前的成本最小化转为税后的成本最小化。资本结构又决定了企业的治理结构.其实质是保证投资者和资金提供者的资金安全而形成的一种激励相容机制.实际上是委托人和代理人之间的博弈。企业组织内部博弈加上政府.从而演变为政府、委托人和代理人之间的三方博弈。  相似文献   

3.
转轨时期政府支出与居民消费关系的实证研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
本文在代表性消费者最优消费行为理论分析的基础上,运用1978~2006年的经验数据,对政府支出与居民消费的动态关系进行了实证分析。结果显示:政府支出对局居民消费的动态影响取决于政府支出的结构和时期;而且政府支出对城镇居民和农村居民消费的影响存在显著差异即呈现出典型的"二元结构"特征。基于此,本文就调整政府支出结构促进居民消费增长提出了相关的政策建议。  相似文献   

4.
一、正确认识财政支农资金绩效审计的理论基础 财政支农资金绩效审计的理论基础主要是委托代理理论。当财产所有者不直接经营自己的财产,而是赋予代理人在满足特定利益的前提下决定财产运营的权利时,就形成了委托代理关系。在“委托——代理”理论下,囚委托人不能直接观测到代理人采取的行动,只能获取代理人提供的不完全信息。作为有限理性的代理人并非总是按照委托人的利益来选择自己的行动。他更倾向于利用自身优势为自己谋“福利”。因此代理人的目标与委托人的门标经常不一致。委托人有必要建立监督制度来降低代理成本,实现其效用最大化。我国财政支农资金在管理和使用过程中存在多层次的委托代理关系。首先,从纳税人与政府的关系来看,财政支农资金归全体纳税人所有,纳税人实际上将自己的资金以税款方式提供给政府,委托中央政府和地方各级政府进行管理,作为经济人的纳税人存在着将委托代理成本降到最低的倾向,希望获得政府使用和管理资金的效率和效果等方面的信息,虽然可以通过对政府支农资金的支出行为进行群体监督而达到目的,但是现实中监督成本过高,需要依靠审计机关,以实现其监督目的。  相似文献   

5.
董岗 《物流科技》2009,32(7):55-57
文章通过建立存在成本差异的Hotelling模型,结合效用和反应函数对两厂商的定价选址策略进行分析,研究表明处于成本劣势的厂商一般会选择最小差异化的策略.而拥有成本优势的厂商则会在最小差异化和最大差异化原则之间进行权衡取舍,目的都是为了实现利润最大化或损失最小化。  相似文献   

6.
财税政策通过促进关键生产要素流入可促进产业升级。通过构建动态模型分析地方政府财税竞争对要素流动、社会福利及产业升级的影响。研究发现,提高生产要素的税率不仅会导致该生产要素外流,还会导致其他生产要素外流;在税率变化冲击下,要素存量调整至新的均衡状态与生产函数凹性和调整成本函数凸性有关;对发达地区落后产业实行高综合税率以及新兴产业实行低综合税率会促进地区产业升级,对落后地区实行低综合税率会促进地区经济发展和产业升级;政府的财税协调有利于地区间实现产业升级和提高社会福利水平;地区居民对企业的持股份额会影响地区福利水平。  相似文献   

7.
以财务报表为依托,以与财务系统稳健性相关的财务比率为样本指标,从偿债能力、营运能力、盈利能力和发展能力四个视角构建财务系统稳健性评价指标体系,运用信息熵客观赋值法为指标确定权重,以群效用最大化与个体遗憾最小化为原则,建立基于VIKOR方法的企业财务系统稳健性评价模型,并对家电行业六个上市企业进行实证研究。研究结果表明:评价结果与公司财务稳健性实际情况相符,建立的信息熵-VIKOR评价模型能够对企业财务系统进行合理判断。  相似文献   

8.
本文研究了在市场化进程的不同阶段税制结构与经济增长和福利改善之间的关系。理论研究表明,以商品税为主的税制结构促进了鞍点路径上的经济增长和福利改善,并加速了市场化进程。随着市场化进程的不断推进,当前税制结构对于经济增长和福利改善的正向影响程度逐渐降低,而商品税税率的适度下调可以实现鞍点路径上福利水平最大化。与之相对,商品税占比过高或过低的税制结构,都会出现福利水平的相对损失。实证结果也显示,我国现行税制结构中生产性间接税可以促进经济增长和社会福利的改善,并且市场化程度对这一影响具有显著的调节效应。因此,随着中国经济发展进入“新常态”,政府应进一步简政放权,减少对市场的直接干预,适度调整税制结构,降低间接税比重,实现经济持续增长和福利不断改善。  相似文献   

9.
采用双重差分方法实证检验政府审计对国有企业公款消费的影响,研究发现:在政府审计介入当年及以后年度,被审计的国企控股上市公司消费性现金支出费用化率和波动性显著下降,公款消费实质性减少,公款消费计入存货的费用操纵行为显著减少,政府审计对公款消费的监督和治理职能得以证实;然而,管理层仍然可能会将消费性现金支出转入非流动资产处置损失等营业外支出科目,并且在政府审计介入之后,消费性现金支出的粘性并没有显著降低,可见政府审计并没有完全解决公款消费相关的代理问题。  相似文献   

10.
本文重新识别了居民参与政府规制、与企业规制遵从之间的内在逻辑关系,得出了如下主要结论:政府的规制执行以及居民对环保的参与都能提高企业的遵从水平,但居民的参与却需要耗费一定的成本,对环境保护的参与会降低居民的效用水平,从而使其福利劣于在社会最大化福利函数中的福利状况。理论模型显示政府规制执行水平对企业遵从的边际影响随着居民参与的提高而提高到一定水平后,居民的环保参与将会促进政府的规制执行。  相似文献   

11.
This paper studies a case when the government levies a payroll tax on the employee (agent) of an enterprise. We use a continuous-time principal-agent framework to analyze the impact of the tax on the employee’s working strategy and derive an incentive compensation scheme. The agent is supposed to be aware of his pre-tax and after-tax salary. Under the theory of behavioral economics, loss caused by taxation is taken into consideration. The Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation of principal’s profits is derived. By exploiting the HJB equation, we get several properties of the optimal contract. We also perform comparative statics to show our results. The model suggests that the agent’s utility loss enlarges as the tax rate increases. However, an increase in the tax rate does not always decrease principal’s profits.  相似文献   

12.
In this paper we measure the effect of the inflation tax on economic activity and welfare within a controlled setting. To do so, we develop a model of price posting and monetary exchange with inflation and finite populations. The model, which provides a game–theoretic foundation to Rocheteau and Wright (2005)׳s competitive search monetary equilibrium, is used to derive theoretical propositions regarding the effects of inflation in this environment, which we test with a laboratory experiment that closely implements the theoretical framework. We find that the inflation tax is harmful – with cash holdings, production and welfare all falling as inflation rises – and that its effect is relatively larger at low inflation rates than at higher rates. For instance, for inflation rates between 0% and 5%, welfare in the two markets we consider (2[seller]×2[buyer] and 3×2) falls by roughly 1 percent for each percentage–point rise in inflation, compared with 0.4 percent over the range from 5% to 30%. Our findings lead us to conclude that the impact of the inflation tax should not be underestimated, even under low inflation.  相似文献   

13.
The standard assumption in macroeconomics that government spending is unproductive can have substantive implications for tax and spending policy. Productive government spending introduces a positive feedback between the tax rate, the productive capacity of the economy, and tax revenue. We allow marginal tax revenue to be optimally allocated between productive subsidies to human capital and utility-enhancing government consumption and calculate Laffer Curves for the US. Productive government spending yields higher revenue-maximizing tax rates, steeper slopes at low tax rates and higher peaks. The differences are particularly pronounced for the labor-tax Laffer curve. The use of tax revenue is an important determinant of the actual revenue that a tax rate increase generates.  相似文献   

14.
The aim of this paper is to clarify the confused issue of the effect of inflation on the discounting procedure for investment appraisal. The standard approach is considered, together with the impact of inflation, and the problem of how to adjust the standard approach to take account of inflation. The point is made that it is usually easiest to estimate expected returns in current prices, in which case the discount rate should reflect the real opportunity cost of capital, to avoid mixing real returns and nominal interest in a manner which leads to the rejection of worthwhile projects. An example is given of how the real rate of interest can be computed from the nominal rate of interest and the rate of inflation, and the difference this makes to discounting a sample project. The paper then illustrates how real rates of interest have frequently been negative over the past decade and how this implies that projects may be acceptable even if the sum of future undiscounted returns is less than the initial outlay. The conclusion drawn is that investors should maximize economic profit defined as the surplus over opportunity cost, which reduces the deterrent of nominally high interest rates, for the maximization of surplus over opportunity cost has the corollary of minimization of opportunity loss.  相似文献   

15.
This paper examines research on public debt management, focusing on debt structure by denomination, indexation features, and maturity. The optimal taxation approach is reviewed and its policy implications are related to the trade-off between minimization of the expected cost of debt servicing and minimization of budgetary risk. Strong arguments are provided for debt instruments which yield low returns when output and hence revenues are lower and public spending higher than expected. This debt design minimizes tax distortions and provides flexibility in conducting fiscal policy. The exact characterization of the debt composition which supports efficient taxation depends on the stochastic structure of the economy. Long-term nominal debt is a hedge against supply shocks affecting revenues and inflation and makes the government budget insensitive to interest-rate risk. However, at high levels of debt, the extent of insurance or flexibility that governments can obtain by issuing long-term nominal debt is limited by the need to maintain the credibility of the anti-inflation stance.  相似文献   

16.
This paper investigates the impact of economic integration on the vertical structure of the public sector within a country. To tackle this issue we set up a model of fiscal federalism, where economic integration is assumed to affect central government tax revenues. The main findings are that when an increase of the impact of economic integration brings about a reduction in central government tax revenues, under certain conditions: (a) it reduces central government expenditure; (b) it reduces general government expenditure; (c) it increases local taxation; (d) it increases the degree of public sector decentralization. Quite interestingly, these results are consistent with different patterns of local public spending and grants to local government.  相似文献   

17.
以我国A股上市区公司微观与30省区市的宏观进行匹配得到的面板数据为样本,通过构建双向固定效应模型和面板联立方程模型,就财政双向失衡对企业避税的影响路径进行实证。研究表明:我国同时存在较高的双向失衡,财政纵向失衡促进企业避税,财政横向失衡抑制企业避税。从传导路径来看,财政纵向失衡通过降低地方税收征管和政府补助强度促进企业避税,财政横向失衡通过提高地方税收征管和政府补助积极性抑制企业避税;从地区分化来看,东部地区与全样本结论一致,但在非东部地区,财政纵向失衡、横向失衡与企业避税均负相关,这主要是因为中西部地区企业减少避税能换来更多的政府补助;从地方政府债务规模分化来看,财政纵向失衡与横向失衡对企业避税的影响均在债务规模低的地区成立;从企业自身现金流分化来看,纵向失衡与企业避税的促进关系在现金流低组中成立,而横向失衡与企业避税的抑制关系在现金流高组中成立。  相似文献   

18.
UK interest rates are now at their lowest level for more than two decades, and the government is hoping that interest rates can be kept at a low and sustainable level comparable to the 1960s. Indeed, some commentators are calling for still lower interest rates to offset the risk that the £12bn tax increases and cuts in government spending that will come into effect in the next financial year will lead to stagnant consumer spending and a stalled recovery. Against this must be weighed the risk that the recent very good run of inflation figures will prove temporary. Both headline and underlying inflation will be pushed up by indirect tax increases and there is the possibility that wages will follow too, as employees seek to maintain their living standards in a tightening labour market. That risk would point to a much more cautious monetary policy stance and the possibility that the government may need to raise rates from their present level if it is to achieve its inflation objective. The Chancellor faces a clear dilemma. In this Viewpoint, we assess the evidence available to guide him in his decisions and draw out the implications for the future path of interest rates.  相似文献   

19.
Are individuals expected utility maximizers? This question represents much more than academic curiosity. In a normative sense, at stake are the fundamental underpinnings of the bulk of the last half-century’s models of choice under uncertainty. From a positive perspective, the ubiquitous use of benefit-cost analysis across government agencies renders the expected utility maximization paradigm literally the only game in town. In this study, we advance the literature by exploring CEO’s preferences over small probability, high loss lotteries. Using undergraduate students as our experimental control group, we find that both our CEO and student subject pools exhibit frequent and large departures from expected utility theory. In addition, as the extreme payoffs become more likely CEOs exhibit greater aversion to risk. Our results suggest that use of the expected utility paradigm in decision making substantially underestimates society’s willingness to pay to reduce risk in small probability, high loss events.  相似文献   

20.
Applying the VAR model and using the interest rate as a monetary policy variable, we find that in the long run, output in China responds negatively to a shock to the interest rate, the real exchange rate, government debt, or the inflation rate, and it reacts positively to a shock to government deficits or lagged own output. When real M2 is chosen as a monetary policy variable, long-term output in China responds positively to a shock to real M2 or lagged own output, and it reacts negatively to a shock to the real exchange rate, government debt, or government deficits. Its response to a shock to the inflation rate is negative when government debt is used and is positive when government deficits are considered. In the short run, fiscal policy is more important than monetary policy in three out of four cases. In the long run, monetary policy is more influential than fiscal policy in three out of four cases. Therefore, the government may consider conducting monetary and fiscal policies differently in the short run and long run. The government needs to be cautious in pursuing deficit spending as its long-term impacts depend on the monetary variable employed. The policy of maintaining a relatively stable exchange rate is appropriate as the depreciation of the Yuan may hurt the economy in the short run.JEL Classifications: E5, F4, H6  相似文献   

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