房地产价格变动与银行信贷风险的相关性研究——基于个人住房贷款的定量分析

文章以我国房价变动与银行信贷风险的相关性为例来探究房地产投资风险与银行资产安全的关联性。首先,从理论上探讨了房地产价格波动影响银行信贷增长的作用机制。在此基础上,利用2006年1月至2010年12月的月度数据,运用多变量协整分析技术从个人住房贷款的角度切入对我国房地产价格影响银行信贷风险的效应进行实证检验。研究结果表明,房地产价格和银行信贷之间在长期内存在互为因果关系,房地产价格波动在短期对银行信贷风险的直接影响有限,在长期内对银行信贷风险增长产生较明显影响。而银行信贷风险也通过协整关系成为房地产价格短期波动的Granger原因。     

我国银行信贷与房地产价格关系研究

文章对银行信贷与房地产价格之间的互动关系进行了完整的作用机制分析,并使用更细致和精确的数据建立VAR模型进行了实证研究。研究发现,银行信贷扩张与房地产价格上涨具有明显的相互推动和加强的作用。具体而言,房地产开发商贷款和个人购房贷款对房价都具有显著的正向影响,同时对来自房价冲击的响应也都是正向的。并且,在房价持续高速上升时期,房地产贷款规模对房价的影响力明显超过贷款利率。     

看跌期权低估、银行信贷与房地产泡沫

近年来,我国房地产价格居高不下引发了人们对房地产泡沫的担忧。本文分析了看跌期权低估、银行信贷和房地产泡沫的关系,通过引入自负权益成本对PW模型进行扩展,得出低估行为造成贷款利率下降,进而导致房贷扩张和房地产价格上涨,但增加自负权益成本能够削弱低估行为对房价的影响。在此基础上,基于中国数据的实证研究检验了理论模型的主要结论,发现看涨预期和需求刚性是推动房贷增加和房价上涨的重要原因,而贷款利率对房价影响较为有限。最后,论文对我国房地产调控提出建议。     

资产净值、信贷扩张与投资支出

本文在对资产净值、信贷扩张与投资支出关系进行理论分析的基础上,运用Granger因果检验、VAR模型等方法实证分析了资产价格波动与我国信贷的关系,结果发现,房价变动率对我国贷款变动率有显著的正向影响,说明存在房价影响投资的资产负债表渠道.文章最后提出政策当局应注意资产价格波动对企业净值和银行信贷的影响,尤其要避免房价暴跌带来的"金融加速器"效应及随之而来的金融风险.     

房地产价格波动对企业债务风险的影响及异质性分析

本文系统梳理了房地产价格波动对企业债务风险的影响渠道,并利用2007-2019年中国A股上市企业面板数据对理论假设进行实证检验.结果 显示,房地产价格与企业债务风险呈正相关关系,房价上涨主要通过抵押约束渠道作用于企业债务风险,该结论在处理内生性问题后依旧成立.企业融资约束异质性检验表明,房价上涨不会明显影响国有企业和大型企业债务风险,但会显著提高非国有企业和中小微企业贷款杠杆率.基于中介效应模型的渠道检验显示,房价上涨引致的抵押品价值上升可通过降低融资约束的渠道增加企业杠杆率.本文的研究一方面有助于深入理解房价波动对实体企业债务风险的影响渠道,为宏观模型构建房地产"抵押约束"机制奠定了微观实证基础;另一方面能够为合理解决企业高杠杆、防范和化解债务违约风险等现实问题提供理论支撑.     

我国资产价格波动与货币政策关系研究

随着金融自由化的逐步推进,资本市场存量日益增大.这既体现了金融深化程度的提高,又意味着货币供应与国民经济主要指标之间稳定性的弱化.资产价格对货币政策的制订和执行会产生深刻的影响.其中股价、房价等资产价格在货币政策传导机制中扮演的角色越来越重要.本文从实证角度出发,通过构建VAR模型检验我国资产价格对货币政策的反应以及资产价格对货币政策目标的影响,发现资产价格、货币政策及货币政策目标间存在长期协整关系,资产价格对产出有正向冲击作用,股市显著影响通货膨胀,但房地产市场对通货膨胀推动作用不明显,资产价格受货币政策的冲击影响显著,其中股市对货币政策冲击的反应明显大于房地产市场.     

银行按揭贷款、开发贷款与商品房销售价格的实证关系研究——基于上海市相关数据的实证研究

目前我国对银行信贷与房地产价格关系的研究多集中在银行信贷的总体规模与房地产价格相互关系的研究上,而基本上没有区别按揭贷款、开发贷款分别与房地产价格的关系。文章利用上海市2004年1月至2007年12月的商品房按揭贷款、开发贷款和平均销售价格的月度数据建立VAR模型,使用脉冲分析等方法对上海市的商品房按揭贷款、开发贷款和平均销售价格之间的动态关系进行了实证研究,分剐考察了商品房按揭贷款、开发贷款两类贷款与商品房平均销售价格之间的关系。     

信贷约束对住宅市场的影响效应——基于动态面板模型的研究

本文通过构建消费者—开发商两部门的房地产市场局部均衡模型,研究信贷约束对住宅市场的影响效应。本文利用1999～2009年中国35个大中城市的面板数据,采用动态面板GMM估计方法考察银行信贷对住宅消费和住宅价格的影响。实证结果显示:银行信贷对房地产价格产生显著的正向影响,表明信贷约束是当前房价增幅下降的重要因素之一;个人住房贷款和房地产开发贷款对房价的正向影响效应存在差异,前者的作用小于后者;个人住房贷款对居民住宅消费产生显著的正向影响,是影响居民住宅消费的最重要因素。     

信贷扩张、房地产价格波动与银行稳定:理论及其经验分析

银行信贷集中模型表明银行具有扩大房地产信贷的动力,但银行的乐观主义以及对嵌在无追索权的抵押贷款中的看涨期权的低估,导致房地产价格上涨并超过基础价格。房地产价格波动导致银行脆弱性加强,房地产泡沫破灭导致银行资产负债表恶化、信心危机和"信贷紧缩——不良贷款"陷阱。国际经验表明,银行信贷扩张带来很大风险。我国的经验也表明:我国房地产价格的膨胀很大程度上是银行信贷的支持,这种共生性导致银行风险的积聚。我国部分地区商业银行已经凸现房地产不良贷款加快上升的局面。     

房地产金融调控政策效果——基于VEC向量误差修正模型的实证分析

本文通过建立向量误差修正模型并借助脉冲响应分析和方差分解,通过实证检验我国近年来三大金融调控政策对住房价格的影响.实证结果表明,我国房地产属于资金推动型,其中货币供应量起到主导作用,法定准备率则属于间接的资金供给,两者具有叠加效应.金融机构贷款利率对房价上涨具有正效应.此外,房价上涨波动的冲击加剧了房价上涨.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.     

A Humean theory of choice of which rationality may be one consequence

For the reader who considers economic theory of choice as a special case of a more general theory of action, Hume's discussion of the determinants of action in the Treatise of Human Nature (1739?–?40), in the Enquiry on Human Understanding (1748) and in the Dissertation on Passions (1757) deserves attention. However, according to some modern commentators, Hume does not seem to have given any evidence that would favour what nowadays we would consider as the kind of rationality involved in modern theories of rational choice. On the contrary, this paper arrives at the conclusion that consistency between preferences and choice, like the usual properties of completeness and transitivity, may be considered as outcomes of a mental process, described by means of a decision algorithm that aims to represent Hume's theory of choice.     

The concept of freedom and its relation to economic development--a critical appreciation of the work of Amartya Sen

Following a brief review of the conception of freedom as employedin economic discourse, this paper focuses on the evolution ofthe concept of freedom in the work of Amartya Sen. It tracesthe development of Sen's thought from the capability analysisof the late 1970s to his more recent separation of freedom intoits opportunity and process aspects. While broadly appreciativeof Sen's development of the concept of positive freedom, thepaper identifies some difficulties arising from his definitionof capability as a set of options as well as from his separationof the opportunity and process aspects of freedom. Aspects ofthe relationship between Sen's conception of freedom and thatof Marx are discussed briefly in the context of Sen's recentdiscussion of the market as a source of freedom.     

How chaebol restructuring after the 1997 crisis has affected corporate decision and performance in Korea: debt financing,ownership structure,and investment

ABSTRACT

Korean chaebol firms, characterized by excessive debt financing and overinvestment, experienced restructuring after the 1997 crisis. By reducing debt financing and thus overinvestment, they tried to reorganize financing structure and ownership structure. Chaebols’ debt reduction turns out to have improved performance. However, polarization between chaebol and non-chaebol firms has become more significant. Even after the crisis, firms that give higher cash flows to a controlling shareholder take more capital investment, indicating that agency problems still exist within chaebols. Chaebol-affiliated firms continue to be more active in R&D than non-chaebol firms. However, the pattern is limited to the group of top 10 chaebols after the crisis.

Abbreviations: KFTC: Korea Fair Trade Commission     

Types of technology

Technology is a concept rife with confusion. Here, I argue that technologies can be distinguished as a combination of type of producer and an idealized artefact life history. Using this definition, a number of technologies are identified. The first technology historically, in the Protostomes, was the production of individual or family dwellings. Next came objects such as spider webs for trapping prey. Stigmergy followed, with the social insects, as a collective endeavour to construct a mega-structure using simple rules of accretion. Some birds and primates began to make tools, or simple technological objects whose function is closely related to their form. Humans are distinguished by their ability to make machines. Traditional technology took place once people voluntarily organised into groups with specialised knowledge to produce more complex objects and structures. Monumental objects like ceremonial pyramids came with the command economies of the early agrarian societies, which also resulted in a new category of artefact, the network. Finally, with modern civilizations came ad hoc accretion, or population-level adding-on, to make truly complex technological systems. Developing a theoretical framework within which artefacts, production processes and ways of interacting with them are identified should help the study of technology to become more scientific.