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1.
There is a growing literature explaining foreign direct investment flows in terms of ‘technology sourcing’, whereby multinational firms invest in certain locations not to exploit their firm‐specific assets in the host environment, but to access technology that is generated by host country firms. However, it is far from clear whether the literature has found significant evidence of such activity beyond a few isolated examples. This paper extends this work by allowing for the possibility of multinational enterprises (MNEs) sourcing technology not only from host country firms but also from each other within a host economy. The paper demonstrates that MNEs in the UK do indeed appropriate spillovers both from indigenous firms and from other foreign investors, but that there are also significant competition effects that act to reduce productivity in certain industries. The paper also explores which countries' affiliates gain most from technology sourcing in the UK, and which generate the greatest spillovers within the foreign‐owned sector.  相似文献   

2.
基于科学的产业在经济发展中具有极强的活力,正成为21世纪国家经济发展的新引擎和新一轮产业革命的摇篮。选择医药制造业作为科学产业的典型案例,以我国内地31个省份数据为研究样本,运用模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA)方法,探讨经济、科学、技术、政策条件对科学产业发展绩效的联动效应及路径选择。结果表明,单一条件并不构成制药业高绩效的必要条件,前因条件多重并发形成驱动制药业高绩效的多样化组态;存在驱动制药业高水平绩效的3条路径,分别是科学与技术双元主导驱动型、经济主导逻辑下的科学与政策驱动型以及经济主导逻辑下的技术与政策驱动型;存在导致制药业非高水平绩效的两条路径,且这两个组态的核心条件相同,即非经济水平和非科学研究。结论有助于深化对我国科学产业发展背后多重因素间复杂互动本质的理性认识,并为基于科学的产业成长带来有益的实践启示。  相似文献   

3.
2012年12月,俄罗斯出台了《俄罗斯2013—2020年国家科技发展纲要》。纲要包括俄罗斯科技优先发展方向、科技经费投入、科技人才培养等,旨在通过科研体制改革、国家政策、资金等手段,提高科研部门的竞争力和行动力,推动俄罗斯科技的全面振兴。该纲要的主要任务包括:发展基础科学研究;在优先发展的科技领域,培养领先科技实力;加强研发部门制度建设,完善其结构、管理和资金体系;加快科学和教育的融合;等等。其优先发展方向是:支持俄罗斯高科技产业(核能、航空航天等)的发展,为发展俄罗斯技术密集型经济打好技术基础,为各经济部门发展中对科技创新的需求提供支撑,解决国家安全问题等。  相似文献   

4.
Disaggregate panel data estimates are presented of equations that relate a set of OECD countries' sectoral total factor productivity to domestic and to foreign R&D capital. The estimates indicate that there are both important international and national R&D knowledge spillovers and that these spillovers are intersectoral and intrasectoral in nature. They show that the influence of domestic R&D is stronger in the large economies and that this is caused by more important domestic intersectoral R&D spillovers. There is also evidence of a greater influence of domestic and of foreign R&D in research intensive industries and of an interaction between the domestic economy scale and the research intensity effects.  相似文献   

5.
This article studies the effects of international and intranational knowledge flows. Contributions include comparing the effects of knowledge flows on the formal and informal sectors and determining multilateral spatial spillovers of innovation. Results show that formal entrepreneurs respect intranational intellectual property rights, but benefit from international spillovers, especially from patents granted. In contrast, informal entrepreneurs somewhat respect intranational patents granted, but not patent applications and citations. International spillovers to the informal sector are mainly from patents granted. Spillover magnitudes are greater internationally than intranationally, and greater in the informal sector than the formal sector (except for trademarks). (JEL O33, L26, K42)  相似文献   

6.
This paper examines the effect of participation by foreign capital and the spillovers from a foreign presence on the technical progress of Spanish manufacturing firms. The results show that foreign direct investment (FDI) creates positive spillover effects for local firms, and when the presence of foreign capital and the absorptive capacity of spillovers from FDI are large, more technical progress ensues. Also, local companies in capital‐ and research and development (R&D)‐intensive industries experience larger positive FDI spillovers. For these reasons, government policies should aim to attract FDI, especially in the aforementioned industries.  相似文献   

7.
The effects of international knowledge spillovers on total factor productivity (TFP) at the industry level are examined by using a panel of 13 manufacturing industries across 15 OECD countries over 23 years. We distinguish between intra- and inter-industry spillovers from the information on patent applications and citations. Patent data are taken from the Japan Patent Office and the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Using four alternative spatial panel estimation techniques, we find that international knowledge spillovers within the same industry significantly contribute to sectoral TFP. In contrast, there is little evidence of a positive effect of international knowledge spillovers on TFP across industries.  相似文献   

8.
This study examines a specific channel of technology diffusion from multinational enterprises to domestic firms in less developed regions: research and development (R&D) activities of multinational enterprises in the host country. Using firm‐level panel data from a Chinese science park, known as China's “Silicon Valley,” we find that the R&D stock of foreign‐owned firms has a positive effect on the productivity of domestic firms in the same industry, while the capital stock of foreign firms has no such effect. These results suggest that foreign firms' knowledge spills over within industries through their R&D activities, but not through their production activities. In addition, we find no evidence of spillovers from domestic firms or firms from Hong Kong, Macao, or Taiwan, suggesting that the size of knowledge spillovers is larger when the technology gap between source and recipient firms is larger.  相似文献   

9.
R&D SPILLOVERS TO AGRICULTURE: MEASUREMENT AND APPLICATION   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This paper documents research and development (R7amp;D) spillovers between nations and between industries, discussing some theoretical and measurement issues. A new technique makes patent data more practical for economic uses, allowing analysis of the industries of manufacture and sectors of use for inventions. New technology introduced for use in the agricultural and food processing sectors in 14 less developed and newly industrialized nations is traced, comparing the regional and industrial sources of these inventions across time. An application shows that both international and interindustrial spillovers add to agricultural total factor productivity, and distinguishes between the direct and indirect effects of spillovers from public and private, domestic and foreign sources. ( JEL C67, 031, 047, Q16)  相似文献   

10.
This paper discriminates between basic and developmental research when estimating international research spillovers between nine OECD nations. Using panel cointegration techniques, the estimates show that basic research generates much larger international spillovers than developmental research. Developmental research in turn appears more easily appropriated by the research performer, and thus has a stronger effect domestically. These results suggest growth models should incorporate the firm's choice between basic and developmental research. More importantly, since basic research receives a large proportion of its funding from public sources, the finding of large international spillovers from basic research suggests current public research policies should be reevaluated. The results support the argument in favor of increased international coordination of basic research policies.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

A science, business, or law that is basing its validity on the level of p-values, t statistics and other tests of statistical significance is looking less and less relevant and more and more unethical. Today’s economist uses a lot of wit putting a clever index of opportunity cost into his models; but then, like the amnesiac, he fails to see opportunity cost in statistical estimates he makes of those same models. Medicine, psychology, pharmacology and other fields are similarly damaged by this fundamental error of science, keeping bad treatments on the market and good ones out. A few small changes to the style of the published research paper using statistical methods can bring large beneficial effects to more than academic research papers. It is suggested that misuse of statistical significance be added to the definition of scientific misconduct currently enforced by the NIH, NSF, Office of Research Integrity and others.  相似文献   

12.
Does FDI Facilitate Domestic Entry? Evidence from the Czech Republic   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This paper analyzes the impact of FDI on domestic firm entry and firm size distributions in the Czech Republic during 1994–2000. We find that larger foreign presence stimulates the entry of domestic firms within the same industry, indicating the existence of positive horizontal spillovers from FDI. We also find evidence of significant vertical entry spillovers—FDI in downstream (upstream) industries initiates entry in upstream (downstream) sectors. Our results also show that entry spillovers through vertical linkages are stronger than horizontal spillovers and that while service industries benefit from both horizontal and vertical spillovers, manufacturing industries do not experience significant positive entry spillovers of any kind. We also find that country of origin of FDI matters—horizontal spillovers are driven by FDI from the EU countries. The right skewness of the firm size distributions in industries without FDI further emphasizes an important role of FDI presence for overall industry dynamics.  相似文献   

13.
In order to identify the effect of academic entrepreneurship on science, this work compares the publication performance of entrepreneurial scientists with that of conventional scientists. Using Stokes's ‘quadrant model’, this paper examines how the entrepreneurial orientation affects scientific performance. The results on advanced materials research in Japan found that (i) entrepreneurial scientists publish more papers than conventional scientists do; (ii) the papers of conventional scientists demonstrate better citation performance than those of entrepreneurial scientists do, on average; (iii) coming to the top-cited papers, entrepreneurial scientists show higher propensity for publishing high-impact papers than conventional scientists do; and (iv) the portfolio interdisciplinarity of papers authored by entrepreneurial scientists is higher than that of conventional scientists. Although the influence of academic entrepreneurship on scientific performance is still unclear, our findings suggest that entrepreneurial scientists could make a relatively large contribution to furthering the scientific frontier by relying on innovation rather than convention.  相似文献   

14.
在中国制造2025的大背景下,如何利用FDI来促进制造业全要素生产率、技术效率与技术水平的提升具有重要意义。采用2005—2014年中国制造业的26个行业的面板数据实证分析FDI行业间和行业内的技术溢出对全要素生产率变动的影响,结果发现行业内直接溢出能有效促进内资制造业全要素生产率和技术效率的提高;行业内间接溢出则会挤占内资企业的生存空间阻碍全要素生产率、技术效率和技术水平的增长;行业间后向关联程度能显著且明显地促进内资制造业全要素生产率和技术效率的提升;行业间前向关联程度能显著但微弱地抑制内资制造业全要素生产率和技术效率的提升。  相似文献   

15.
目前雾霾天气在我国北京等大城市愈发常见,而历史上伦敦也曾因空气质量不佳被称为“雾都”。英国历时几十年出台一系列政策,环境治理取得了较好效果,空气质量明显改善。英国在解决环境治理与经济发展之间的矛盾时,科学技术发挥了巨大作用,其环境治理模式既兼顾生态文明也体现出物质文明。分析英国治理环境的经验,科学技术主要是从4个方面发挥作用:技术创新培育新产业,形成新的经济增长点;政府促使行业开发和推广绿色技术,改造传统产业;基础研究为政府决策科学化提供坚实证据;绿色科技成果助力国家外交和引领未来国际贸易。历史上伦敦烟雾污染最严重时,英国的人均国民生产总值与我国现在大致相当,发展阶段也有相似之处,其经验具有较强的参考价值。  相似文献   

16.
随着我国经济的快速发展,对地方科技基础条件资源的投入也越来越大。因此,如何评价科研机构资源的配备效率就显得十分重要。根据甘肃2010年度的地方科技基础条件资源调查数据,采用DEA分析的CCR模型,借助Spss17.0、Deap2.1等相关分析软件,比较了各科研机构资源配置的效率及超效率水平,揭示了其资源优化的配置情况。结果表明,甘肃的科研机构绝大多数存在科研仪器设备投入和科研过程人才培养不足的情况,通过资源配置效率比较分析,甘肃省应该加快科研事业机构企业化改革的进程。  相似文献   

17.
This paper provides new insights into the study of technology spillover effects through the interaction between industrial and spatial linkages. We develop a theoretical model that provides a useful modeling framework for spillover research, and then empirically test the model inferences using Chinese firm-level data. Input-output tables and spatial decay measurements are combined to construct the key spillover variables. Using seemingly unrelated regressions, the paper finds that vertical spillover effects are more significant than horizontal spillover effects, both within- and between-regions; regional characteristics have greater impacts on vertical spillovers than on horizontal spillovers; and regional spillover effects vary across different regions. Regional policies and regional endowments, including human capital, transportation infrastructure, and enterprise ownership, are crucial in explaining these heterogeneities in regional technology spillover. Our empirical results provide many policy implications including strengthening the connection between upstream and downstream industries and devoting more R&D to upstream industries.  相似文献   

18.
This paper examines productivity spillovers derived from the existence of foreign multinational plants and explores the conditions that influence the magnitude of spillovers. The empirical evidence first suggests the existence of positive spillovers. Second, the results suggest that the greater presence of majority- or wholly foreign plants reduced the magnitude of spillovers. Third, partially due to the stronger negative relationship in industries where technological gaps between foreign- and locally owned plants were relatively large, the magnitude of spillovers tended to be smaller and was sometimes negative in such industries. On the other hand, the negative relationship between the magnitude of spillovers and the presence of majority- or wholly foreign plants was not observed in locally owned plants with research and development activity.  相似文献   

19.
In this paper we analyse how the science sector's incentive structure strongly contributes to the development of science and of the economy, even if, in the same time, it can cause large disparities in size and productivity of scientific sectors of different countries. In order to show that, we adopt a Schumpeterian growth model where the resources allocated to science are endogenously determined within the economy and science is organised according to the institution of “Open Science”. This latter consists in a self-reinforcing code of conduct, which comprises an incentive scheme based on the priority rule, and on the presence of both real rewards and social rewards. Social rewards take two main forms according to the source concerned: one is the social reward deriving from major innovations; another consists in high reputation enjoyed by researchers who put a high level of effort into their job, and devote themselves to the advancement of science. This set of rules causes the emergence of two locally stable steady-states: a low equilibrium, where the economy is endowed with a small science sector; and a high equilibrium, where the economy has a large science sector with rapid knowledge advancement. The two equilibria can account for the huge differences currently existing between scientific sectors of more developed and less developed countries. Comparative static results further characterise the two equilibria, since monetary and social rewards have different effects according to the type of equilibrium that emerges.  相似文献   

20.
区域经济的协调发展一方面源自于临近地区间知识和技术的溢出效应,另一方面还与地区间优势互补效应的发挥密切相关。根据新经济地理学相关研究,地理临近性在给模仿学习带来便利的同时也容易出现路径依赖和技术锁定,从而导致老工业区的没落。本文通过对长三角地区两位数制造业的分行业SP指数及其引申变量值的测量,发现在省域范围内制造业集聚存在一定的自相似性。而在跨省空间范围内,这种自相似性并不存在。省际间行业要素流动正趋于缓慢的集中优化过程中。长三角地区制造业发展的这一演化趋势对中西部地区经济发展和承接东部地区的产业空间转移具有一定的参考价值和政策启示作用。  相似文献   

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