金融素养对我国家庭养老规划的影响——基于中国家庭金融调查数据的分析

本文基于2015年中国家庭金融调查数据,研究了金融素养对养老规划的影响。研究发现：我国家庭金融素养水平较低,养老规划意识薄弱,社会养老和自我养老已明显超过家庭养老,但养老方式单一化问题严重。提高金融素养可以显著促进家庭进行养老规划,且该促进作用并无城乡差异,但对女性户主家庭作用更大。金融素养水平越高,家庭越倾向于选择社会养老、自我养老和多样化养老方式,家庭养老的可能性越小。影响机制分析表明,金融素养可以通过促进家庭参与金融市场进而提高养老规划的可能性,同时驱动家庭更多地选择自我养老和多样化养老方式。     

家庭结构与储蓄率U型之谜

中国的家庭储蓄率与户主年龄呈现U型关系,这与生命周期理论预测的倒U型不符,被学术界称为"中国年龄—储蓄率之谜"。本文为其提供了一个解释:在生活成本高昂、养老体系不完善的情况下,低储蓄率的年轻人(老年人)倾向于选择与他们的中年父母(子女)居住在一起,这不仅拉低了中年户主家庭的储蓄率,还提高了其余独立居住的青年户主家庭和老年户主家庭的平均储蓄率,进而使得家庭储蓄率与户主年龄呈现出U型关系。实证研究发现,以家庭为研究对象时户主年龄—家庭储蓄率呈现稳健的U型关系;以个人为研究对象时个人年龄—个人储蓄率则呈现倒U型,与生命周期理论相符;居住成本越高,青年户主家庭的储蓄率越高;养老体系越不完善,老年户主家庭的储蓄率越高。本文的实证研究表明,家庭结构的内生选择是"年龄—储蓄率之谜"产生的重要原因。     

关系、家庭创业与创业回报

基于2014年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)的数据,本文在统一的框架下研究了关系对家庭创业选择、创业金额及其创业回报的影响。实证发现:关系的积累会促进家庭更多地参与自主创业,并且可以显著提高创业参与的程度。分维度来看,亲缘关系、社交关系对家庭是否从事自主创业、创业金额均有显著的正向影响,而家庭创业行为中依托邻里关系的作用机制并不成立。研究还发现,关系对农村家庭创业行为的边际影响更大,拥有更多关系的家庭,在创业过程中所获回报率也明显更高。     

地方官员激励和产权保护——基于企业微观数据的研究

文章利用世界银行的企业微观调查数据对地方官员激励与企业产权保护进行了实证研究。研究发现:(1)地方财政分权程度越高、当地市委书记的年龄小于55岁,企业所获得的产权保护水平越高,反之则越低。(2)地方官员激励机制对产权保护的作用在不同规模企业中具有结构性差异。具体而言,在财税剩余所得激励下,地方官员更倾向于保护大企业,而在一把手晋升激励下,地方官员则更倾向于保护小企业。这与不同规模的企业对经济总量和增速有不同的边际贡献率有关,地方官员在财税剩余所得激励下更关心经济总量,而在一把手晋升激励下则更关注经济增速。     

社会网络、信息获取与家庭创业收入——基于中国城乡差异视角的实证研究

基于2011年中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据和中国城乡差异的视角,本文实证研究了社会网络对家庭创业收入的影响及其作用机制。研究结果表明,社会网络对城乡家庭创业收入具有显著的正向影响,但对社会交往面较广、交往对象趋于多样化的城镇家庭的积极作用更大,其作用机制在于社会网络通过拓宽家庭获取信息的渠道为其提供大量重要信息,从而有助于提高创业收入,而并非通过融资机制为其提供资金支持。对于家庭创业选择而言,由于需要依靠亲戚等家庭强关系提供物质资本支持,社会网络在资源约束程度更高的农村地区发挥着更为重要的作用,这意味着社会网络对家庭创业选择和创业收入的作用及其机制存在显著的城乡差异。     

控股股东、高管股权激励与现金股利政策

本文利用中国A股上市公司2006—2012年的数据,采用Logistic回归和多元线性回归法,研究了高管股权激励与公司股权政策之间的关系,分析了股权激励对上市公司股利分配倾向和分配力度的影响。研究发现:(1)与未实施股权激励公司相比,实施股权激励公司更倾向于分配现金股利,分配的力度显著更高。(2)股权激励程度越高的公司,分配现金股利的可能性越强,现金股利发放的力度更大。(3)控股股东拥有较强的控制地位对高管的自利行为有一定的抑制作用,控股股东持股比例越高,高管股权激励对股利政策的影响越不显著;股权激励显著影响股利政策在控股股东控股比例较低的公司成立,隐含了拥有较高控制权的股东能够抑制高管的自利行为。     

效果逻辑与因果逻辑：两类中小企业创业者的再验证——环境不确定性感知与创业自我效能感的调节效应

现有研究认为，创业经验差异是专家创业者倾向于选择效果逻辑和创业新手倾向于选择因果逻辑的重要原因。基于问卷调查数据，运用层次回归分析方法探讨两类中小企业创业者（创业专家与创业新手）的创业决策逻辑差异，以及创业自我效能感与环境不确定性感知对创业者与创业决策逻辑选择的调节效应。结果表明，创业专家明显倾向于选择因果逻辑而非效果逻辑，而创业新手明显倾向于不采用因果逻辑。环境不确定性感知水平和创业自我效能感越高（低），创业者越倾向于选择效果（因果）逻辑。最后，环境不确定性感知水平和创业自我效能感均显著负（正）向调节创业者选择效果（因果）逻辑。     

教育促进劳动者自我雇佣了吗?——基于CHIP数据的经验分析

在其他条件一定的情况下,劳动者受教育水平越低,越有可能选择生存型自雇,中职和中技学历劳动者的生存型自雇和创业型自雇倾向低,大专及以上学历对劳动者选择创业型自雇有促进作用,对生存型自雇有相反影响,高等教育对劳动者自雇选择的总体效应为负。在中国,教育总体上不会促进劳动者自雇。工作年限对劳动者选择自雇具有倒U型影响,男性自雇倾向更强,婚姻有助于劳动者选择自雇,有6岁以下小孩的劳动者选择自雇的概率更高,家庭财富作为流动性约束的代理变量,有利于劳动者选择自雇。完善创业教育体系,提高劳动力市场稳定性,深入推行政府权力清单制度,有利于经济新常态下促进创业型自雇的涌现。     

高管的风险态度与股权激励方式选择*

公司如何选择有效的股权激励方式一直是理论研究的重要话题。本文以2006—2016年中国A股实行股权激励的上市公司为研究对象,探究高管的风险态度差异对上市公司股权激励方式选择的影响。研究结果显示,高管的风险回避倾向越强,公司越倾向于授予风险较大的股票期权方式激励高管,以激发高管的风险承担意愿;高管的风险承担水平越高,公司则越倾向于采用风险较小的限制性股票期权方式进行激励,以削弱高管的过度风险追求倾向。进一步研究表明,当股权激励方式基于风险承担与高管的风险态度相匹配时,公司会有更好的业绩表现。本文的研究结论为激励契约设计提供了重要启示。     

大城市郊区农民创业的影响因素分析——基于南京市郊区(县)的实证分析

该文对南京市郊区(县)农民创业情况的全面调查分析结果表明,创业者总体受教育水平不高,以中青年男性为主,以非农产业为主,以个体经营为主,收入水平约为普通农民家庭收入的2至4倍。研究还表明,影响农民创业的因素包括工业化和城市化进程、打工和特色产业集聚对农民创业的诱发、地方政策激励强度等。离市中心和工业集中区越远,农民创业比例越低;农民转移就业率越高的地区,农民创业登记率相应也高;地方政府政策激励越强,农民创业热情也越高。     

农户家庭收入流动水平的结构差异及其影响因素分析*——基于“远亲”与“近邻”的视角

本文实证分析了农民收入流动水平的结构差异及其影响因素。结果表明：低收入阶层的农户家庭收入流动较强,高收入阶层农户家庭稳固其地位的能力逐渐增强,其家庭收入固化趋势较为明显。流动效应是导致农户家庭收入流动水平差异的主要原因,而结构效应中家庭经营性收入流动水平是缩小差异的最大贡献者。从家庭亲属亲密程度和近邻便利程度的视角来看,“远亲”不如“近邻”的现象在农户家庭收入流动水平上表现明显。家庭亲属性质、亲属关系层级分别对家庭经营性收入和工资性收入流动性存在较强的显著影响。而近邻就业机会越高,组织程度越强,地区区位优势越好,越有利于农户家庭收入流动水平的提升。     

Impact of Education on Household Welfare in Nigeria

Human capital development, especially higher educational attainment, attaches high premium to its expected economic benefits, in form of better welfare. This study investigates the effect of educational attainment of household head on two indicators of household welfare, namely labour market earnings and household per capita total expenditure on food and non-food items in Nigeria. The study uses the Double Hurdle (DH) model and Quantile Regression (QR) to address these objectives. The empirical results show that returns to schooling are substantially higher at the tertiary level of education compared with primary, secondary, and postgraduate levels of education in Nigeria. Furthermore, additional years of tertiary education attainment by household heads was found to increase household per capita total expenditure more than additional years of primary, secondary and postgraduate education. The implication of these findings is that the improvements in economic welfare of households in Nigerian is driven more by the attainment of tertiary education by household heads, relative to other levels of education.     

Analysis of School Enrollment in Ghana: A Sequential Approach

In this paper, we depart from the standard way of analyzing school enrollment by accounting explicitly for educational selectivity in order to examine the determinants of child school enrollment in Ghana. Using data from the Ghana Living Standard Survey round 6 (GLSS 6), we estimate a three‐step sequential logit model for the determinants of secondary school enrollment and its dependence on completing primary school. We find that family resources such as parental education, household income and the gender of the head of the household play a role in households' child schooling decisions. Educated parents are relatively more likely to enroll their children in primary school and keep them in school until they complete primary education. As well, we show that educated parents do not promote a gender‐biased investment in the schooling of children at the primary level. While household welfare does not influence children's entry into primary school importantly, their completion of primary school depends on household welfare. The study sheds more light on the pro‐male bias phenomenon regarding entry into primary school and primary school completion. Policies to promote the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 4 in Ghana must be grade sensitive.     

Household migration in the Southern Cone: the case of Paraguay

This study of migration from Paraguay to Argentina focuses on urban to urban migration and uses about 1300 interviews collected during September 1983 to May 1984 for constructing a profile of the migrants. Paraguayan migration to Argentina has historical roots. The first flows were in 1936 and 1947 and were due to war. Migrants tended to settle in Formosa and Misiones provinces in the northern region. The second waves that occurred during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s were to Buenos Aires. Most migration during the more recent years was motivated by economics. It is likely that the key factors were push factors in Paraguay. Migration policies in sending and receiving countries are lax. Half of the interviews were conducted among families in Gran Buenos Aires, and half were conducted among families in Asuncion, Paraguay. 33% of migrants in Argentina reported Asuncion as their last residence. Many migrants were from departments bordering on Argentina. Only 222 of the 543 heads of household who had been employed prior to departure reported that farm work had been their employment. Migration is precipitated by both economic and noneconomic factors. Logistic model findings indicate that urban migrant heads of households tended to be younger and less educated than nonmigrants. Migrants tended to be single heads of households with relatively few children. Rural migrants were less likely to be female and were more likely to have a larger family size than urban migrants. Heads of household with fewer continuous years of employment were more likely to migrate. Findings from data at the time of the interview suggest that higher relative wages were a pull force, when age, sex, education, marital status, size of business, and job seniority were controlled for. The recent democratization in Paraquay is like to attract return migrants, if urban employment opportunities are available.     

Non-farm Income and Consumption Expenditures in Rural Bangladesh: Empirical Evidence from Multilevel Regression Modelling

This study examines the effects of non-farm income on household consumption expenditures in rural Bangladesh. A two-stage endogenous treatment effect model is built on data from a nationally representative Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2010 to control selection bias. The HIES follows a hierarchical data structure because the survey is based on two-stage stratified sampling. A multilevel mixed-effects linear regression model is used to capture the unobserved heterogeneity between clusters (PSUs) along with revealing important factors. Results reveal that non-farm income has a significant positive effect on household’s consumption expenditures and non-farm income recipient households spend about 29% more than their counterparts. In addition, higher level of per capita income, education, smaller family size and lower dependency ratio are found to be more effective in increasing consumption expenditures of rural households. Significant cluster-level variations are observed in the analyses. This study recommends that non-farm income generating activities should be encouraged among rural households as this would raise their consumption expenditures and hence, improve welfare and living standards among them.

     

Can entrepreneurship bring happiness? Evidence from China

This paper investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial activities and the happiness of entrepreneurs. We estimate the effects of entrepreneurial decision-making, business experience and other factors on happiness by using China Household Finance Survey data. Our results derived from maximum likelihood estimation methods indicate that entrepreneurial decision-making and entrepreneurial experience affect household happiness significantly. The family well-being is significantly increased if the family is entrepreneurial, and it will be higher if actively entrepreneurial. Both entrepreneurial experience and entrepreneurial investment of time have significantly positive effect on the probability of family well-being. In addition, we find that the mechanism by which entrepreneurship brings happiness to households is through raising household income and wealth, that is, income effects and wealth effects.     

我国农户贫困动态演变影响因素分析——基于CHNS家庭微观数据的研究

动态贫困研究是从中长期考察家庭贫困状态,关注家庭贫困状态的脆弱性与发展演变。采用CHNS家庭微观数据,通过对我国农户动态贫困的研究发现:男性户主、年轻户主、人口规模较大、低人力资本、人均使用耕地面积越多的家庭,在一段时间内多次贫困发生概率较大;此外,我国农户动态贫困还表现出较强的区位特性。减贫政策应该从以下四方面改进:一是细分农村贫困人口类型,实施有针对性的扶贫政策;二是建立贫困家庭教育技能补贴制度;三是帮扶贫困地区开展非农或高附加值农业经济;四是建立有区域特征的扶贫开发机制。     

农户参与农业基础设施建设的意愿及影响因素——基于湖北省556户农户的调查

本文利用湖北省21个村的实际调查数据,从农户参与意愿比率和参与模型两个层面,研究农户参与农业基础设施建设意愿及其影响因素。农户参与意愿调查表明,农户普遍关心农业基础设施建设,但参与意愿不强烈。参与模型的定量分析表明,农户选择参与农业基础设施建设受到农户风险态度、产量风险、价格风险和减灾投入成本的影响。具体表现为,对灾害影响程度的认知、肥沃程度、灌溉条件、耕地面积、专业技能、家庭人口数对农户参与农业基础设施建设有较为显著的影响;户主年龄、户主受教育程度和加入农合组织对农户参与农业基础设施建设没有显著影响。     

The role of husband's and wife's economic activity status in the demand for children

Data from Hong Kong were used to examine how the demand for children is affected by the economic returns to different types of market activities. The specific data used was a 1% sample of the 1976 "Hong Kong By-Census of Population." Only women under 50 who were currently married and living with their husbands were included. The households were restricted to land-based and non-farm families with economically active husbands. There were a total of 4128 families in the sample; in 3768 families the wife had experienced at least 1 birth. A simple 1-period model of household production and fertility demand is outlined. Emphasis was on 2 aspects of the demand for children in households who choose to work in the informal sector: children are more readily employed in a family business; and wife's work in a family business or in a wage employment at home is more compatible with childcare activities. Both effects imply that holding constant other characteristics, a higher desired stock of children will be demanded. As expected, an increase in wife's predicted log earnings in home work had a negative effect on the demand for children. The effect was almost always significant. An increase in wife's productivity in the family business, as proxied by her predicted log earnings in the family business, increased the demand for children significantly. This usually is interpreted to be a result of entering a market activity which is compatible with childcare. Another possible explanation is that the price of children is lowered because if children work in the family business then their productive contributions subsidize their parents' consumption. Yet, without direct measures or proxies for these effects, it is not possible to distinguish between them. An increase in husband's predicted log earnings in wage employment had a significant negative effect on demand for children. This can be interpreted in 2 ways: if an interior solution exists for husband's allocation of time, then a negative effect implies either that children are inferior (or are observed to be so) or husband's predicted log earnings in wage employment increases the probability of specializing in it. Thus, the role of children in the family business vanishes, and the desired number of children is reduced. Both husband's and wife's schooling reduced significantly the demand for children. In general, estimates of coefficients from families with at least 1 child were smaller in absolute magnitude and less significant statistically.     

贵州农村不同类型家庭外出务工对家庭收入和生活的影响

分析贵州不同类型家庭外出务工对家庭的影响,发现夫妻共同外出务工家庭多以进工厂的方式外出打工,他们收入要高于户主单独外出务工家庭收入,而夫妻共同外出打工对留守老人与儿童的负面影响要大于户主单独外出务工的家庭。