Linking Technological,Market & Financial Indicators Of Innovation

This paper describes the results of a feasibility study to develop a national Innovation Scoreboard to measure and track the innovative performance of companies in the UK. It begins with a review of potential technological, market and financial indicators of innovation, and using data in the public domain, develops a trial Innovation Scoreboard based on 40 firms from five different sectors. The preliminary findings suggest that product announcements made in the specialist press may be a viable indicator of innovation at the level of the firm. Specifically, the evidence suggests that product announcements represent a useful measure of innovative output, which combined with expenditure on research and development provide a measure of research efficiency. This measure of research efficiency is shown to be associated with higher market to book values.     

美欧创新型国家评价体系分析

美国信息技术与创新基金会的创新竞争力评价指标体系由6个一级指标、16个二级指标构杨,其指标"经济绩效"和"创新能力"是影响国家竞争力的最重要因素;欧盟推出《创新联盟记分牌》,旨在发现欧盟成员国研究和创新体系的相对优劣势,帮助成员国认识自身实力,集中力量提高创新绩效;欧洲工商管理学院推出《全球创新指数》,强调创新环境、基础设施以及相关成果的测度和评价。国外创新测度对于我国开展创新型国家评价具有重要借鉴意义:创新型国家测度的关键是创新绩效测度,应以事实型数据为基础,并根据形势变化不断调整评价指标和体系。     

浅谈国内外创新教育

21世纪是知识经济时代,社会需要创新人才,而创新人才的培养依靠创新教育。创新教育是以培养人们的创新精神和创新能力为基本价值取向的教育。在这个信息爆炸的时代,对于知识和信息的需求已经直接影响了社会的发展进程,推行创新教育成为了高校改革发展的必然趋势。推行创新教育和造就创新人才是知识经济对高校人才培养提出的必然要求。因此,国内外掀起一股发展创新教育,开展创新教育实践的热潮。     

我国教育市场垄断性的实证研究

近年来,有关教育消费的争论不断,包括教育产业化、高收费、以及低水平的政府教育支出等等。各种观点似乎都有道理,但缺乏实证的支持。文章构造了一个完全垄断的教育市场模型。实证结果表明,我国教育市场属于完全垄断。导致高收费的主要原因不是低水平的政府教育支出而是市场的完全垄断。     

Ethnic patterns of returns to education in Bulgaria

It is widely accepted that disparities in education contribute to the poor labour market outcomes experienced by ethnic minority groups and consequently to their poverty. In this article, I analyse differential educational benefits in Bulgaria and compare returns to education for the Roma minority with the majority population and the Turkish minority. I show that both ethnic minority groups have lower education levels and employment rates than the majority population and that they also have lower returns to education. This result could be related to minorities' lower education quality as well as to discrimination in the labour market. Integration policies should thus aim to improve employability and labour market competence of vulnerable groups starting from school.     

欧洲创新体系的测度与评估——基于欧洲创新记分牌的指标、方法和应用情况的分析

欧洲创新记分牌（EIS）是欧洲理事会要求建立的综合创新评价体系,每年对欧盟整体创新绩效与世界其它主要创新体的差距,以及欧洲各国的创新表现进行评估。本文概述了欧盟通过欧洲创新记分牌开展创新能力监测和评估的实践,分析了EIS指标体系的构建思想,研究了EIS指标体系的演变趋势,探讨了EIS的分析框架、指标计算方法和最新评估结论,在此基础上,作者提出了构建我国国家创新监测与评估体系的几点思考。     

欧洲2020战略旗舰计划：创新型联盟（上）

“创新型联盟”是欧洲2020战略七大旗舰计划之首,由欧委会2010年10月公布,欧盟理事会2011年2月批准,是欧盟未来10年的科研与创新战略文件。该战略以10年内把欧盟建设成为“创新型联盟”为目标,要求欧盟把创新作为首要和压倒一切的政策目标,提出了加强研发投入、提高资金使用效益、实现教育现代化、4年内建成统一的欧洲研究区、简化科研计划管理、促进成果产业化、实现欧盟单一专利、启动“欧洲创新伙伴”行动、推动社会创新、加强国际合作等十项工作重点,并提出部署相关配套措施,开展欧盟层面的科研与创新绩效监测工作,确保“创新型联盟”各项目标的实现。本文是“创新型联盟”旗舰计划的译稿,供国内相关部门参考。     

欧洲2020战略旗舰计划：创新型联盟（下）

“创新型联盟”是欧洲2020战略七大旗舰计划之首,由欧委会2010年10月公布,欧盟理事会2011年2月批准,是欧盟未来10年的科研与创新战略文件。该战略以10年内把欧盟建设成为“创新型联盟”为目标,要求欧盟把创新作为首要和压倒一切的政策目标,提出了加强研发投入、提高资金使用效益、实现教育现代化、4年内建成统一的欧洲研究区、简化科研计划管理、促进成果产业化、实现欧盟单一专利、启动“欧洲创新伙伴”行动、推动社会创新、加强国际合作等十项工作重点,并提出部署相关配套措施,开展欧盟层面的科研与创新绩效监测工作,确保“创新型联盟”各项目标的实现。本文是“创新型联盟”旗舰计划的译稿,供国内相关部门参考。     

教育税与中国教育经费的财政投入问题研究

近年来，针对中国教育经费的财政投入不足问题，很多学者提出开征教育税的建议。开征教育税有许多问题值得商榷，教育用税不一定非要开征教育税。中国财政目前需要调整支出结构，增加对教育的投入；同时还应调整支出结构、创新支出方式，以提高财政对教育支出的效率。     

ADULT EDUCATION AND EARNINGS: EVIDENCE FROM BRITAIN

This paper uses the National Child Development Study to investigate the relationship between adult schooling and labour market earnings for men. In line with several other studies, the findings suggest that there are returns to all educational qualifications acquired early in life. A variety of statistical models are estimated to try to measure the causal effect of adult education on earnings. Careful analysis reveals that there are no genuine returns to additional qualifications awarded in middle adulthood. The central conclusion of this paper is that rates of return to human capital are greater for individuals who were educated early in life.     

Parental Income and Continuing Education of Second Generation Immigrants in Sweden

Understanding the economic integration of minority ethnic communities requires an analysis of the educational process. This paper examines second‐generation immigrant youths’ educational attainments in comparison with those of similarly aged native Swedes. Binomial‐logit, grouped‐regression and multinomial‐logit models are applied to longitudinal data, 1991–1996. The results give evidence for socioeconomic determinants of post‐compulsory education and for parental influence on educational choices. Parental income affects second‐generation immigrants’ post‐compulsory education and Swedes’ choice of level of education. In general, the stronger the labour market positions of the parents, the higher the probability of the children continuing education. It is also found that the geographical origin of second‐generation immigrants matter, with youths of Asian origin having a higher probability of continuing their education. We suggest policy changes on different levels based on the evidence of the paper, as short‐run, long‐run and in general.     

Sino-European Trade Competition in Latin America and the Caribbean

The article studies trade in goods between China and the Latin American and Caribbean （LAC） countries and between the European Union （EU） and LAC during the years from 2000 to 2013. From the beginning of the 21st century, big changes in LAC＇s trade patterns have been observed. The article contains possible explanation of them. The analysis is based on the ECLAC （Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean） data. Merchandise trade between China and LAC grew significantly over the period from 2000 to 2013. In 2013, the value of merchandise exports from China was higher than from the EU-28 in the case of 12 LAC countries. Chinese imports of goods surpassed the European ones in five countries in the region. In order to increase its exports of manufactured goods and imports of natural resources and agricultural commodities, China combines trade arrangements with foreign aid policy. Besides, a rapid development of bilateral diplomatic ties between China and LAC is observed. The EU-LAC trade relations have worsened during the last decade mainly due to financial crisis and development of the EU-Asia trade relations.     

A microfoundation for increasing returns in human capital accumulation and the under-participation trap

This paper considers educational investment, wages and hours of market work in an imperfectly competitive labour market with heterogeneous workers and home production. It investigates the degree to which there might be both underemployment in the labour market and underinvestment in education. A central insight is that the ex post participation decision of workers endogeneously generates increasing marginal returns to education. Although equilibrium implies underinvestment in education, optimal policy is not to subsidise education. Instead it is to subsidise labour market participation which we argue might be efficiently targeted as state-provided childcare support.     

Effect of School-Based Income Generating Activities on the Financial Performance of Public Secondary Schools in Kenya

This study was conducted to determine the value added by Income-Generating Activities （IGAs） on the financial performance of public secondary schools, in terms of assets, liability portfolio, and net worth. Secondary school managers have the gigantic task of balancing meager resources between subsistence and development needs as well as good performance in national examinations. However, macro-economic shocks such as inflation, fuel shortage, and crop failure, among others, often militate against the success of public schools. School-based IGAs enable public schools to cope with external economic shocks, without necessarily passing down budgetary adjustments to parents. However, the country lacks a clear policy guideline to facilitate the initiation, management, accounting, reviewing, and financial reporting of IGA projects. Besides, there is no documented information regarding the value added by IGA initiatives to the financial performance of public secondary schools. The study found that IGA and non-IGA schools were significantly different in terms of category, student population, age, annual income, and number of paid workers. Schools having IGAs were 1.9 times more likely to own as many assets as schools not having IGAs. Besides, IGA schools were about 2.2 times less likely to have their liability in excess of the median threshold. Regarding net worth, the study found that schools having IGAs were about 2.1 times more likely to be operating above the median threshold; suggesting that schools having IGAs were wealthier than non-IGA schools. Based on the findings, this study concludes that IGA projects were beneficial to schools by improving the ability of schools to accumulate assets and manage their liabilities. The study recommends the need to： formulate an appropriate policy framework to guide and standardize IGA activities; initiate suitable training programs for school IGA managers; as well as engage business development managers to advice schools on IGA matters.     

Institutional Features of Schooling Systems and Educational Inequality: Cross‐Country Evidence From PIRLS and PISA

Educational opportunities determine the intergenerational mobility of human capital and affect the distribution of earnings on the labour market. This paper aims at explaining cross‐country differences in educational opportunities by features of schooling systems. The theoretical model predicts that a greater differentiation of the schooling system as indicated by streaming and a large share of private schools decreases educational opportunities while more instruction time increases educational opportunities. The empirical results that are based on a difference‐in‐differences estimation approach to control for country‐specific effects support these hypotheses.     

“负担”变“机遇”——欧盟通过“创新伙伴关系”积极应对老龄化

人口老龄化是全球趋势,也是欧洲面临的最严峻挑战之一,将对欧盟国家政治、经济、社会和卫生体系等领域带来综合性挑战。为此,欧盟提出将"创新"作为重要综合抓手,努力将老龄化带来的潜在"社会负担"转化为"银色机遇",即将老龄化产业转化为新的经济增长点。2011年,欧委会在"创新联盟"框架下启动"欧洲积极和健康的老龄化创新伙伴关系计划",旨在通过"思维创新"重新审视和优化医疗及护理活动的政治、社会、组织和筹资,提供体系的流程和安排,并通过"科技创新"充分调动和挖掘老龄化相关市场需求和产业发展动力。欧洲的成功经验和做法,对我国应对老龄化挑战有积极的借鉴意义。     

Evaluating the Impact of Educational Expansion on the Occupational Status of Youth

This paper exploits the remarkable increase in the average educational attainment of Australian youth during the 1980's to evaluate the role of education in labour market performance. Rather than focus on the impact of schooling on wages, however, we examine changes in the occupational distribution of recent labour market entrants. The evidence indicates that the educational expansion appears to move all individuals up the educational ladder without altering their relative position. The results indicate that while the second cohort obtained substantially more education than the first cohort the occupational distribution of the two cohorts were almost identical. Furthermore, there was no evidence that the increased education counterbalanced changes in the structure of labour demand or manifested itself in higher wages.     

Labour market consequences of a high school diploma

This article compares the labour market outcomes of high school dropouts to high school graduates who did not enrol into higher education, but immediately entered the labour market. Using parental educational background as an instrument on a rich administrative dataset in the Flemish Region of Belgium, we find no returns to a high school diploma on average. However, these results hide considerable heterogeneity by gender and educational track. While females and individuals in vocational education may benefit from a diploma, male graduates and students holding a general education diploma may even be worse off on the labour market than dropouts. We show that sectoral heterogeneity acts as an underlying mechanism in the returns to a high school diploma.     

Talcott Parsons＇ AGIL Schema-based System Identification of Administrative Problems of North-East Vocational Education in Thailand

Talcott Parsons was a great well-known sociologist whose approach was based on system theory. He identified social system into subsystems which were A （Adaptation functions）, G （Goal gratification functions）, I （Integration functions）, and L （Latent pattern maintenance functions）. His approach was based on the concern for the stability or maintenance of social system. The aim of this research is experimentally to identify the social system of north-east vocational education＇s macro administrative problems in Thailand by utilizing AGIL schema. The writer has adopted the symbiosis or maintenance of socials system stance by utilizing this approach. The results of the research were, firstly, the major macro vocational education eight problems （sentences） and 27 sub-problems （sentences） and secondly, the 15 diagrams of above-mentioned problems and sub-problems after utilizing AGIL concepts （In this paper, the writer illustrated seven of them）. The study had been done using both secondary and primary data. The secondary data were collected from the written documents and from the internet concerning the vocational schools. In depth interview data were collected. Some respondents have been interviewed more than once. The total of 69 times in depth interview were collected. The researcher had utilized Japanese Kawakita Jiro Method of processing scattering paper clips from these primary and secondary data. In conclusion, the detail of main findings, system of sentences of the macro problems, some derived diagrams examples （After AGIL schema applying） and also implication from the main findings have been illustrated.     

The Way of the Social and Economic Development of China An Attempt of Historical and Synthetic Representation

The issue of social and economic development is an important part of theoretical and empirical research of the contemporary economy. China is an example of an economy which in a short period of time achieved success within this scope. Therefore it seems to be justified to draw the reader＇s attention to the factors and determinants which may be regarded as the key ones for the economy of China, both in the period of 1949-1978, namely, in the period of real socialism, and in the period after 1978, so-called ＂socialist market economy＂ to date. On the basis of an analysis of Polish and foreign reference sources and source materials, the author tried to trace both similarities and differences in China＇s economic development over those two periods, first of all paying attention to the Chinese authorities＇ pragmatism of governing in the other period, accompanied by limiting ideological influences. Maintaining the socialist system, in that period China worked out its own, specific principles, and rules of internal activities and activities in the international arena, which enabled to it the creation of a model, especially for developing countries, the system of economic planning and programming, its constant modernization during the implementation of economic tasks, with the consideration given to changing conditionings in the world economy. It was pointed out that with maintaining the laboriousness of the Chinese and their loyalty to authority, they make up China＇s economic power. The aim of the article is to pay special attention to the circumstances, phenomena, conditionings, and factors which occurred on the way to the social and economic development of China, which enabled it to achieve the economic success in a relatively short period of time. This success can be expressed by such indicators as for instance the poverty rate, the unemployment rate, gross domestic product, the value of export, and the value of foreign direct investment as well as other factors.