公共物品的价格形成与优化分析

运用广义价格理论 ,论文首先分析公共物品价格形成机理及其交易均衡的特殊性 ,接着分析公共物品价格的成分构成 ,然后在此基础上分析公共物品价格形成优化的主要措施和途径。     

Hiding in Plain Sight: A Note on Public Goods,Information Technology,and Productivity

This research note advances a conjecture that may help to explain the “paradox” of productivity and information technology (IT). Conventional measures of the economic output of the IT sector may substantially understate the actual value of IT because software is a public good, which is largely unpriced. I provide a simple exploratory calculation that lends plausibility to this explanation. I hope that this conjecture may inspire research by those with greater expertise in the evolution of software.     

全球公共物品理论研究

全球公共物品理论为全球化问题的解决提供了新思路。然而,中国的学术界对于全球公共物品理论的理解,还存在莫衷一是的现象,并倾向于把全球公共物品理论与国际公共物品理论混为一谈。这不仅制约了全球公共物品理论运用的效果,也影响了该理论的发展。为此,本文通过对全球公共物品理论和国际公共物品理论的辨析,提出了应该从三个维度来理解和认识全球公共物品理论的观点,进而对全球公共物品理论对传统公共物品理论的拓展问题进行了研究,旨在为全球化问题的解决提供正确的理论基础。     

效应溢出与地方公共产品供给的权限

基于地方公共产品理论,探讨了具有溢出效应的地区间地方公共产品最优供给效率,尝试性地测度了地方性公共产品不同的供给形态对帕累托效率的偏离,并在此基础上指出经济权限和政治权限的耦和是实现地方公共产品最优供给的重要途径,最后借助外部性内在化的理论分析框架探讨了实现经济权限和政治权限耦合的相应制度安排。     

为什么不同时期不同国家提供的公共产品不同?——兼论中西公共财政的异同

本对不同时期不同国家公共产品（Public Goods)提供的不同状况的原因作了分析,认为公共产品提供的差异是公共选择的结果。并在个人理性与集体理性的一致性的前提下,从技术、传统化等角度对公共产品提供这一制度变迁过程进行了探讨。最后,本指出公共产品提供的差异性对我国建立公共财政框架的启示意义。     

论城市准公共物品的合理提供

城市准公共物品在城市经济发展中起着十分重要的作用。我国城市准公共物品的供给方式已多样化,但仍存在总量供给不足和供给结构不合理等现象。本文以满足公共需要、注重效率和公平作为依据,提出几种改进措施,以促进城市准公共物品的合理提供。     

公共池塘资源自主治理理论与我国农村社区公共产品治理的研究

埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆的公共池塘资源自主治理理论完善了准公共产品理论,结合社会资本因素的集体行动及制度供给理论给我们提供了研究农村社区公共产品供给及治理新的视角。基于此,在简要回顾目前国内农村社区公共产品治理研究及其不足之处的基础上,借鉴公共池塘资源自主治理理论,提出今后我国农村社区公共产品治理研究中需要进一步加强研究的内容及方向,以促进农村公共事业的可持续发展。     

农村公共品供给主体重构研究

伴随着农村综合配套改革过程中的基层政权职能转换,我国农村公共品供给中出现主体缺失、公共服务出现真空等现象,农村基层组织不适应新阶段新体制的矛盾凸现。应科学界定农村公共品的供给范围,结合目前农村的组织创新,建立政府、农村合作经济组织、农村公益组织、农村自治组织等主体在内的分工明晰、有效合作的农村公共品和公共服务供给体系。     

经济增长中非经济性公共物品需求分析

利用2003—2010年我国29个省(自治区、直辖市)的面板数据,对教育支出、医疗卫生支出、科技支出、社会保障补助支出和环境保护支出五类非经济性公共物品支出需求函数进行了估计,实证检验了与公共支出需求相关的因素。结果显示:非经济性公共物品需求与人均收入、人口规模和城市化率正相关;在温饱问题解决后,随着居民收入的增加,即使居民的税收负担有所上升,居民对教育、医疗和科技的需求也会不断增加;失业率的上升会减少居民对教育、科技和医疗的需求,但会增加对社会保障的需求;环境保护关系到城市的可持续发展,产业结构调整可能有助于缓解环境保护支出与需求的矛盾。     

区域金融的协调发展与短板效应探析

区域金融协调发展不仅意指金融系统自身的协调,也涵盖了金融、经济和社会系统的互动协调发展,是金融与经济力、文化力、劳动力、科技力、设施力、开放力、聚集力和环境力的交互作用与动态适应过程。针对金融协调量化研究的不足,文章从显示性指标和解释性指标两个方面剖析区域金融的成长,分别反映狭义区域金融系统与广义区域金融系统的协调状况,从而为金融协调定量化研究范式的确立以及剖析各区域金融协调发展的短板提供参照。     

科技信息咨询服务的提供主体选择研究

对政府和行业协会两种不同主体为企业提供科技信息咨询服务时的运行效率进行了对比分析。分析结果显示,行业协会比政府更具有效率优势,主要体现为：行业协会作为提供主体为企业提供服务时,能更准确地反映企业偏好,能够为企业提供多样化的服务产品,避免效率损失。     

改善农村人居环境的公共财政引导问题

农村人居环境的构成要素主要属于社区性、集体性的准公共物品,在当前总体的农村公共品供给不足情况下,这类公共品如何提供,其政策思路和解决方案最不清楚,成为盲点.本文在分析考察了其现状、进展与困难之后,提出了今后公共财政支持、引导农村人居环境改善的基本思路与六个方面的对策建议.     

Rewards and Sanctions and the Provision of Public Goods in One-Shot Settings

A burgeoning literature in experimental studies of the Voluntary Contribution Mechanism focuses on the ability of institutions that allow the monitoring, sanctioning, and/or rewarding of others to facilitate cooperation. In this paper rewards and sanctions are examined in a one-shot VCM setting that so far has been unexplored in the literature. The study finds that while some subjects are willing to reward and sanction others at a personal cost, the opportunity to reward or sanction is ineffective in facilitating cooperation relative to previous experiments in which a repeated game environment is employed. The study also compares behavior in an environment in which the imposition of rewards and sanctions is certain to an environment in which imposition is uncertain. The expected value of the reward or sanction is kept constant across environments to focus simply on the effect of uncertainty about imposition. Uncertainty does not change behavior in a significant way, either in the level of cooperation or the willingness of individuals to impose rewards or sanctions.     

Country size and the voluntary provision of international public goods

Standard studies on voluntary contributions to an international public good treat national economies as if they were single agents. This masks the fact that nations are comprised of populations of citizens, whose collective benefits a national government takes account of when deciding on the amount of the contributions. This paper constructs a model which explicitly allows for the effect of population differences and explores their consequences. We can then present the so-called exploitation of the great by the small by Olson and Zeckhauser [Olson, M., Zeckhauser, R., 1966. An economic theory of alliances. Review of Economics and Statistics 48 (1966) 266–279] and explore how residents of larger countries fare relative to those in smaller countries. We also elaborate on the effects of changing populations and show that growing into a large country is not necessarily beneficial for the country's residents.     

An Experimental Investigation of Excludable Public Goods

This paper extends the research on incentive compatible institutions for the provision of public goods by imposing a minimum contribution that must be met in order for an individual to enjoy the benefits of the public good. Excluding individuals who do not contribute at least the minimum transforms the linear n-player pure public goods game to an n-player coordination game with multiple, Pareto-ranked Nash equilibria. The experimental results show that exclusion increases contributions to the public good in most cases. However, an increase in contributions may not be sufficient to increase social welfare because there is a welfare cost to excluding individuals when the good is non-rival. Furthermore, exclusion can decrease both contributions and welfare in environments in which individuals fail to coordinate their contributions. The results are sensitive to the minimum contribution requirement and to the relative returns from the public and private alternatives.     

Stability and Segregation in Group Formation

This paper presents a model of group formation based on the assumption that individuals prefer to associate with people similar to them. It is shown that, in general, if the number of groups that can be formed is bounded, then a stable partition of the society into groups may not exist. (A partition is defined as stable if none of the individuals would prefer be in a different group than the one he is in.) However, if individuals' characteristics are one-dimensional, then a stable partition always exists. We give sufficient conditions for stable partitions to be segregating (in the sense that, for example, low-characteristic individuals are in one group and high-characteristic ones are in another) and Pareto efficient. In addition, we propose a dynamic model of individual myopic behavior describing the evolution of group formation to an eventual stable, segregating, and Pareto efficient partition. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, H41.     

城市化与政府财政规模的关系——理论分析与实证研究

建立CES效用函数,就城市化对政府财政支出规模的影响进行理论分析,进而利用2004—2012年全国30个省级区域的面板数据进行实证分析。理论分析和实证分析的结果都表明:城市化确实扩大了政府的财政支出规模。最后根据研究结论提出有效安排公共财政支出的建议。     

双维度下的公共产品概念及其现实意义

萨缪尔森等人从经济角度所定义的公共产品概念,忽视了对"公共"的详察,其现实意义受到了质疑.为切实反映公共产品的本质和研究的现实意义,对公共产品概念的界定至少应该从主体维度和客体维度两个方向进行.毕竟,公共产品是一个综合性的概念,并且针对目前歧义产生和争论的焦点,对概念的本质解读应重点落脚于"公共"而不是"产品".应该说,公共产品本身就是一个综合概念,至少可以体现在主体(政治)和客体(经济)维度上.历史地、具体地认识公共产品的本质,界定其概念,有助于我们透过现象看本质,正确地区分与公共产品相联系的一些社会经济甚至政治现象.