机密还是专利?

在传统社会中,为保护创新成果,人们通常只能将其保留为技术机密或他人无法共享的私有知识,这不但降低了创新效率,也会增加技术的失传风险。有识于此,本文将专利看做政府向创新者提供的一种机密交换契约,并借此论证了引入"事后"专利保护的合理性:人们为了要获得排他性的专利保护,就必须将其私有知识公开披露,而这消除了技术失传风险。但只有当专利利润高于商业机密利润时人们才会申请专利,故专利保护会导致更大的垄断扭曲。社会最优专利期限就是在机密失传风险和垄断定价扭曲之间权衡的结果,只要存在技术失传风险,事后最优专利期限就必须是正的。     

税收努力、征税机构与税收增长之谜

本文运用省级面板数据研究了中国税收收入高速增长的影响因素,主要考察了经济基本面和征税努力水平对于税收收入的影响.我们利用成对样本(paired sampling)的数据结构,使用工具变量处理了税收努力度量误差带来的内生性问题,估计了国税和地税机构的征税努力对于税收增长的不同影响.这种模型设定的好处是既考虑到一个地区的国税和地税面对着同样的经济基本面,同时又可以识别两个机构征税努力的增收效应所存在的差异.我们发现,GDP增长对于税收的增长有接近45%的解释力,征管努力对税收收入也有重要的贡献,地税局税收努力水平的边际效应要高于国税局的动际效应.Using?provincial-level?panel?data,?this?paper?examines?the?influencing?factors?of?the?abnormal?tax?growth?in?China,?with?special?emphasis?on?the?role?of?GDP?growth?and?increased?tax-collecting?efforts.?We?construct?a?paired?sample?to?investigate?the?differential?impact?of?national?and?local?tax?bureaus.?The?advantage?of?a?paired?sampling?structure?is?twofold:?firstly,?it?recognizes?the?fact?that?these?two?bureaus?are?facing?the?same?economic?fundamentals?within?the?same?province,?and?secondly,?it?enables?us?to?differentiate?the?returns?to?tax?efforts?exerted?by?national?and?local?tax?bureaus.?We?use?the?IV?method?to?deal?with?the?endogeneity?of?tax-collecting?efforts.?We?find?that?GDP?growth?contributes?about?45?percent?of?the?tax?growth.?Tax-collecting?efforts?significantly?contribute?to?the?tax?growth?and?the?marginal?effect?of?efforts?by?local?tax?bureaus?is?larger?than?that?of?national?tax?bureaus.     

"裁厘改统"与民国时期市场整合-基于上海、芜湖、天津三地粮价的探讨

国民政府于1931年废除厘金、改办统税,史称"裁厘改统".经济史学者通常认为这一政策促进了商品流通,有利于现代经济发展,但从基本经济理论与实证数据出发的讨论仍然缺乏.本文以厘金的发展历史为背景,利用民国时期的粮价数据,对厘金废除前后的市场整合程度进行了时间与空间上的对比.研究发现,厘金制度阻碍套利实现,造成市场分割,从实证数据上看,厘金废除后,远距离粮食市场间的整合程度得到了显著提升."裁厘改统"促进了民国时期的市场整合,从而对20世纪30年代的经济发展起到了积极作用.The?Nanking?Nationalist?Government?abolished?Likin?in?1931.?Economic?historians?generally?believe?that?this?promoted?the?circulation?of?commodities?and?the?development?of?modern?economy,?but?few?studies?are?from?the?perspective?of?basic?economic?theories?and?based?on?empirical?data.?Using?the?grain?prices?in?the?1920s?and?1930s,?this?paper?contrasts?market?integration?of?three?regions?before?and?after?the?abolition?of?I.ikin.?I?find?that?Likin?hindered?the?realization?of?arbitrage?and?led?to?market?segmentation.?Empirical?analysis?shows?that?long-distance?grain?markets?were?significantly?more?integrated?after?the?abolition?of?Likin.?Abolishing?Likin?improved?the?performance?of?the?market,?thus?having?positive?effects?on?economic?development?in?the?1930s.     

Public choice on coordinated development of border regions and its empirical research： a case study of Wuling mountain area

Due to the difficult segmentation of land destiny, popularity destiny, industry destiny on the platform of common interests demand, the regional governance of production and living for the needs of the people in cross-regional areas, such as in the aspects of security, education, assignment and management of water resources, transportation, energy, environment protection and public health, the administrative border regional cooperation is relatively easy. These aspects are equivalent to public products. Just because of this, it leads to problems that nobody will not control. The governments, in order to realize regional economic coordinated development and to eliminate the regional interests parties of administrative regions economy in microcosmic, were adapting various self-protection measures, even including that ＂you may have your policy but I have my countermeasures＂ that is derived from inter-regional economic relations. The action of market segmentation has limited the flow of various economic development elements, especially the condition of ＂dead end highway＂, resource exploitation and use, difficult social security work in social living of the administrative boundary zone. This paper studies the typical economical district of Wuling mountain area in the obvious strategic position at the junction of Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei provinces from the angle of regional public management and public choice to present issue awareness and academic purpose.     

The possibilities of entering new markets for Romanian companies from wood manufacturing industries

Romania has the potential of resources, labor and real capacity to adapt to the gait of a global economic competition. But it required a long term policy and environment which could support this potential value. If not, we will risk turning into a consumer economy, consumption will not be funded on internal production and become supplier of labor services for peripheral. In the context of economic crisis, Romanian furniture retains its significant competitive advantages, including the price in export markets. The most important markets for exporters of furniture from Romania are Ukraine and Russia, markets with great potential, but affected by problems such as devaluing local currencies, and recently, imposing new duties.     

Investment risk analysis of China＇s wind power industry based on pre-assessment matrix

Wind energy is a clean and sustainable energy, and wind power does not rely on fossil fuels. So there is no fuel price risk, and it, of course, does not include the environmental costs, such as carbon emissions. Because of these unique advantages, wind power has gradually become an important part of the strategy of sustainable development in China. Now with the growing voices on global greenhouse gas emission reduction, and as a clean and efficient energy, wind power has huge potential in combating climate change, energy security pressures and the needs for energy. Wind power in China began to develop from the 1980s. In the first 20 years, the speed of development was slow; but since 2004, it has had an extremely rapid growth.This paper, in order to study the development mechanism of China＆amp;amp;amp;#39;s wind power industry, investigated and analyzed the status quo of wind power industry in China, and then found that （1） the development trend of wind power industry in China appears exponential growth; （2） China＆amp;amp;amp;#39;s installed capacity of wind power is still smaller than that os some other countries; （3） new subsidy policies bring developing opportunities to wind power industry in China; （4） the sectors of wind power industry are in unbalanced growing; （5） the owners of proposed wind farms are too optimistic though the built wind farm had many problems. In addition, by using the methodology of Game Theory, this paper has also constructed the matrix of pre-assessing risks of China＆amp;amp;amp;#39;s wind power industry to further discuss the potential risk factors within China＆amp;amp;amp;#39;s wind power industry as risk factors of wind farm construction, risk factors of production of wind turbines, risk factors of parts and components manufacturing industry under risk indicators like R＆amp;amp;amp;amp;D, patents, the domestic policy, the international policy, the quality of products and the market regulation, in order to provide a scientific assessment and self-assessment tool for investors or implementers, and also to promote the further development of the wind power industry.     

An Improved Reverse Auction for Addressing Water Quality in Agricultural Watersheds Using Coupled Simulation-Optimization Models

As nutrients and sediment in agricultural watersheds continue to degrade water quality, attention is increasingly given to reverse auctions to cost-effectively address these pollutants. Typically, reverse auctions include a selection process which depends on both the monetary bid and a ranking of the environmental benefit, where the latter is often approximated using simple models, such as the Universal Soil Loss Equation （USLE）. When the environmental objective is to improve water quality, the cost-effectiveness of such ranking methods cannot always be assured since simple models may poorly approximate the effects on downstream water quality. In this paper, we introduce an alternative reverse auction approach that takes advantage of richer watershed process models and optimization tools that are now much more commonly available. This ＂improved＂ reverse auction allows decision-makers to better consider the cost-effective assignment of conservation practices and to address water quality or other environmental objectives. In a spatially detailed simulation, we demonstrate how this approach can improve the design of a reverse auction for the Raccoon River Watershed in Iowa, and estimate the potential gains from using the simulation-optimization approach relative to simpler ranking methods for selecting bids. We also point out that simple bid ranking schemes may not yield sufficient nutrient reductions to achieve water quality goals but bids areeasily selected to achieve any feasible water quality improvement in the ＂improved＂ auction process.     

A study on the Chinese beliefs and their effects on small and medium sized business after 1990

As a result of economic reform commencing in 1978 in China, cultural beliefs of the Chinese busines,owners are changing. While much has been published concerning large and multinational businesses, there is gap in knowledge of cultural beliefs of small and medium sized enterprises. To provide new knowledge, a survey or, these smaller sized enterprises located throughout China was conducted in the summer of 2006. Respondents were selected from urban and rural areas, coastal and inland provinces and various industries to provide information or, their opinions on how some of their cultural beliefs have changed from 1990 to present. Specific beliefs questionea include： Use of fengshui, Traditional Forbidden Activities, Company Naming Responsibility, Company Name Basis, Use of Numbers, Use of Physiognomy, and Prediction of a Company＇s Future. The importance of fengshui has risen aver in the last sixteen years and certain traditional.forbidden activities such as not turning over the fish while eating has remained important as a cultural belief. Naming a company is important and the desirability of a good name is bared on various factors. Use of numbers, physiognomy, and non-scientific methods for predicting the future success,of companies are of lesser use. These aspects of culture are reviewed in consideration of the change from a planned economy to amarket-based economy.     

The impact of environmental regulations on international competitiveness of textile industry in China

A greater focus of environmental protection is directed toward environmental regulations in China. This paper focuses on environmental regulations and their impact on textile industry. The academic circle does not reach a consensus on the relationship between environmental regulations and international competitiveness. Some hold the view that environmental regulations lower international competitiveness while others think that environmental regulations improve both environment and economic performance. This paper aims to analyze the impact of the environmental regulations on the international competitiveness of textile industry in China. This study starts with theories relative to this subject; the second part, based on the impact mechanism of environmental regulations on competitiveness, analyzes the environmental impact on textile from the perspective of cost and market. The conceptual exploration comes to the conclusion that environmental regulations make a negative impact on the international competitiveness on the cost side and improve it by means of innovation and product differentiation on market side; the third part gives time series evidence to examine the impact. In this part the Pearson Correlation Analysis is conducted based on the data of China＇s textile industry of the period from 1991 to 2005. It turns out to prove that the negative environmental impact on cost side exceeds the positive environmental impact on market side, namely, environmental regulations deteriorate the international competitiveness in textile industry as a whole during the inspected period.     

Cooperation Between Co-operative Business Organization and Investor Owned Firm to Stimulate Economic Growth of a Country： A Cooperative Advantage Approach

This study elaborates that the economic growth of a country depending on not only the business performance of the investor owned firms （IOFs）, but also the business surplus of the cooperative organizations （Co-ops）. The policy maker should have the level of understanding and competence to blend five different factors related to organizational structure and business model of the Co-ops and the IOFs to the five similarities factors on the managerial approach of them into one marked. The study investigated five similarities factors and included into a conceptual structural model with its six measurement models, economic growth model, general national factor model, market and industry factors model, Co-ops/IOFs opportunities/threat model, Co-ops/IOFs strength /weakness model, and lastly the Co-ops/IOFs firm dynamic/active： sales, profit, and lost model. Reliability of the six similarities measurement models was tested by the Delphi technique with a sample of 33 respondents. The study found that, apart from the six measurement models, it also has two intervening factor variables that will reduce the power and magnitude of the economic growth which will come from mismanagement of policy maker： These factors are the different in intemational culture among countries, and the global warming and natural disaster from the excess consumption and excess production. These selfish, competition and economic greedy of people will lead to economic, social, and natural disaster problems. To reduce the socioeconomic disadvantages and global disaster, board＇s committee, and Co-ops manager as well as chief executive officer （CEO） of the IOFs must have a good understanding on these five similarities factors. Appropriate management of these five similarities factors will lead the firms to reach their high managerial efficiency, customer value, firm value, and finally economic growth.     

Research on regional capability constructive models of clean development mechanism

Global climate change has been identified as the first of the top ten environmental problems in the world. As climate change will have serious effects on the social and economic development and everyday, living of people in the world, many of the countries and governments are taking untiring efforts to combat climate change. As one of the important mechanisms of reducing greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions in the Kyoto Protocol, Clean Development Mechanism （CDM） has not only provided chance for developed countries to fulfill greenhouse emission reduction obligations, but also provided an opportunity for developing countries to combat climate change under the sustainable development frame. The dual objectives of developed countries＇ GHG emissions＇ reduction obligation achievement and developing cotmtries＇sustainable development will be achieved under the CDM. As a country with responsibility; China has been positively developing CDM projects and promoting energy saving and emissions reduction during the three yeors after the Kyoto Protocol came into force, and CDM projects development has always been in the front tank in the world. However; as the vast clime within China, notable differences occur in different regions. In order to promote the CDM development in China, it is necessa~T to have regional CDM capability construction in accordance with the practicality in different regions. Based on the Slat Analysis of developed CDM projects and current CDM development status in China, problems in the CDM development of China, including the inefficiency in small and medium-sized CDM Projects＇ development, over centralization of CDM development scope and especially the differentiated provincial CDM projects developing capability are pointed out in the paper： What＇s more, reasons for the problems are analyzed from fire leading.factors, including policy orient, information asymmetry and weak CDM capability, In order to promote CDM projects development in China, a new CDM capability, construction model is put forward in the paper.     

Healthy Business Environment According to the General Theory of Sustainable Development

The article continues thinking about prospective of human society. Is the healthy business environment a fiction or a real opportunity？ How far-reaching are the roots of the future natural processes of changes？ How to work with the current global economic models？ Can the current European integration process be considered as natural？ Is a weak state a new opportunity for a future strong economy？ What is the historical essence of the liberal thought？ Why the current economic models are not permanent, why are they not sustainable, and why are they not developing for the basic quantum, which is the man as an individual？ Can also the basic quantum be integration units as family, society, company, municipality, region, country, or EU, etc.？ Qualified answers to the questions can be seen in a theoretical context of the General Theory of the Sustainable Development （GTSD）, too. Theoretical trinity of GTSD is based on three theoretical pillars： GPT （Gravitation Polarity Theory）, QET （Quantum Economy Theory）, and BIT （Big Integration Theory）. They can be considered as relevant theoretical basics for historical, current, and future sustainable development process. The healthy business environment is based on the healing of man. In GTSD, businessman and man gain a new source of knowledge, a new natural relationship, and a new content. This is a responsibility towards the customer and towards the pa~ner in business. Businessman＇s profit speaks about a new business in natural partnerships. Sustainable development without the Groove Management （second generation management） and without the fourth Reformation （with second generation of innovation） is a process that only reflects the regressive trend that takes place for more than 6000 years. Without the new content of the Fifth Theoretical Dimension （Consciousness） the historical mainstream of sustainable development process cannot be grasped. The biggest risk for the expected Healthy business society is a contemporary slave commun