结构变化、效率改进与能源需求预测——以中国电力行业为例

本文利用宏观经济学的方法提出一个长期电力需求模型以分析影响中国电力需求的主要因素。如预期的一样 ,当各种因素受市场力量的进一步约束时 ,影响需求的各项变量之间的关系在中国经济改革以后更加稳定也更为显著。一个误差修正模型为预测中国电力总需求的短期波动提供了适合的框架。 1 978年经济改革以后 ,需求的GDP弹性估计为 0 .8左右 ,低于改革前 (1 978年以前 )。结果表明 ,虽然GDP仍是影响电力需求的最重要因素 ,但电力需求与中国的结构变化及效率改进是负相关的。这意味着对于一个快速增长的经济来说 ,GDP的高速增长并不总是伴随着高的电力需求 ,并解释了为什么 1 998年经济增长率为 7 8% ,但电力消费却只增长了 2 8%。     

电力建设必须同经济发展相协调

当今，电气化水平的提高使我国电能在终端能源消费的比重大大提高，工业用电占全社会用电量的74％，由此决定了电力与经济发展的紧密相关性及电力经济在宏观经济研究中的重要地位。显然，电力需求与经济增长成正比。电力供应满足经济增长的需求是电力发展的主要目标。任何电力建设的大起大落都将导致电力供需的不平衡。同时，任何电力的短缺与过剩都将影响经济的健康发展。因此，电力发展与建设怎样同经济增长相协调，需要认真研究。     

电力与经济增长关系计量分析——以新疆为例

运用Granger因果关系和误差修正模型,分析新疆电力与GDP以及三次产业之间的长期均衡关系.结果表明,新疆电力与经济的Granger因果关系是从GDP到装机容量和用电量的单向因果关系.从长期均衡看,GDP每增加1％,用电量增长1.1136％,装机容量增长0.9525％,经济增长对电力有效利用的促进作用显著.第一、二、三产业都是从产业增加值到用电量的单向因果关系.从长期均衡来看,第一、二、三次产业增加值每增加1％,用电量分别增长1.4215％、1.0887％和0.9533％.基于电力与经济的关系,新疆应做好电力规划,避免电力工业的产能过剩,优化产业结构,降低能耗,促进经济可持续发展.     

电力短缺、经济增长与政府规制

对国内电力供求形势由"九五"末期的供大干求向"十五"初期的供不应求变化的研究表明:政府长期电力规划应根据电力需求增长率与经济增长率关系而制定,以避免电力波动对长期经济增长的影响。因此,建议政府在电力规制过程中,应制定"电力先行"的经济增长战略,以实现电力供应安全对经济发展保障作用的目标。     

经济增长、能耗强度与电力消费——用电量与GDP增长率背离的原因探析

现有文献对于电力消费与经济增长相关关系的研究主要集中于探讨二者间的因果关系和长期均衡关系,本文从增长率的角度研究二者的短期波动,探讨为什么用电量与GDP的增长率会背离。受产业结构、产品结构、技术进步、制度改革和能源替代等多种因素的影响,单位产值用电量在各年度间会发生较大的变化,导致用电量增长率总是围绕GDP增长率上下波动。如果不能准确地把握能耗强度的变化趋势,运用电力消费弹性来预测未来的电力需求具有较大的风险。     

中国能源消费、经济增长间协整关系和因果关系的实证研究——以电力行业为例

本文运用协整理论和Granger因果关系检验两种日益流行的计量经济分析技术,实证研究了我国电力消费与经济增长之间的协整关系和因果关系。通过协整分析我们建立了电力消费和GDP之间的协整关系和误差修正模型,分别描述电力消费与经济增长间的长期均衡关系和短期动态关系;Granger因果性检验表明,电力消费与经济增长之间存在双向因果关系。     

辽宁电力消费与经济增长关系研究

辽宁自改革开放以来经济高速发展,电力消费逐年上升,为正确认识经济发展与电力消费之间的关系,明确电力发展方向,运用协整理论对辽宁1978—2010年间经济发展与电力消费的关系进行实例研究,验证辽宁省国民生产总值GDP（Gross Domestic Product）与电力消费之间存在长期协整关系,得出短期内存在从电力消费到GDP增长的单向Granger因,说明电力缺乏将造成经济发展停滞,＂经济发展,电力先行＂政策将长期坚持;并采用H-P滤波技术得出GDP与电力消费的趋势成分和波动成分,验证二者存在协整关系,并得出辽宁电力消费与经济发展存在趋同的发展趋势和周期性波动关系的结论,建设性提出未来辽宁电力发展的方向。     

应正确认识当前的"生产过剩"

1997年以来,我国出现了“全面”买方市场,长期卖方市场下存在的供不应求局面被供大于求所取代,“需求不足是制约经济增长的主要矛盾”成为社会各界的共识。不仅农产品、工业消费品过剩,连长期短缺的能源、电力、运输能力也出现了过剩,甚至连发展中国家最为短缺的资金也出现了过剩,银行出现的存差逐年上升,一时间仿佛中国已没有不过剩的东西了。面对这种局     

我国电力短缺根源研究

我国电力短缺主要源于供给基础不够坚实,需求仅是诱因、表象,是供给不足和供给不能适应需求变化调整所导致的结果,其根源是电力市场行政性垄断和由此造成的扭曲而僵化的电价体制。因此,根治电力短缺应打破行政垄断,建立科学合理的电力投资体制和电价形成机制,长期要着眼于建立坚实供给基础、提高供给弹性战略,短期可实施挖潜现有供给能力等措施。     

对重庆电力消费需求的预测分析及对策建议

"经济发展,电力先行",科学规划的前提和基础是对电力消费需求与经济发展内在关系的科学认识。电力的生产及供应为地方经济的发展、社会的进步和人民生活水平的提高提供了必不可少的条件。因此,对电力与经济的关系及电力消费需求的研究,对确保地方经济发展目标的实现具有重大的意义。     

Recent developments in China's labor market: Labor shortage,rising wages and their implications

China's abundant supply of cheap labor has played an important role in its remarkable economic and social development. Recently, however, China has experienced a labor shortage and rising wages, implying that the country's long‐lasting competitive advantage based on its “unlimited” labor supply and low costs is vanishing. We find that structural demographic changes, regional economic growth disparities and the household registration system may have caused the labor shortage. Furthermore, China's continued low wages, relatively low labor share of gross national income, declining proportion of household consumption to GDP , and productivity improvements as well as increasing unit labor costs can be used to explain the recent wage increases. The dramatic development of its labor market signals that China is entering a new stage of economic development. The country's prior successful model of economic development needs to be adjusted to adapt to the new situation in its labor market to achieve sustainable economic development.     

Forecasting development outcomes under alternative surplus labour assumptions

Economic forecasts are useful to policymakers both as aids to planning, and as baselines against which counterfactual scenarios can be compared. However, policy makers should be aware that assumptions relating to model structure can influence forecast results. We explore the sensitivity of forecasts to one aspect of model structure important in modelling developing economies: surplus agricultural labour. We outline a framework for modelling surplus agricultural labour that relies on average product remuneration. We embed this within a model of a developing economy (the Philippines) characterized by surplus agricultural labour. We compare the results of two forecasts that differ in their treatment of the agricultural labour market. In the first, the surplus labour theory is activated, establishing average product remuneration in agriculture. In the second, the surplus labour theory is not activated, creating a failure to recognize average product remuneration in agriculture. By comparing the two simulations, we show that failure to model the presence of average product remuneration, when it would be appropriate to do so, has an impact that would be material to economic planners, leading them to: under-estimate agricultural employment; over-estimate GDP growth; and, over-estimate important policy variables (like tax revenue) that are related to GDP growth.     

湖南省人均需电量回归模型的建立及其预测应用

在电力项目前期调研与论证过程中,必须对电力需求进行预测,以提高决策质量。本文采用基于人均GDP需电量的预测方法对湖南省电力市场需求状况做出了分析和预测。结果显示我省电力消费增长速度和国民经济增长速度基本一致,但电力发展仍略低于经济发展速度。需加大建设投入,提高装机总量,并合理调整电力生产结构。     

匈牙利科技观察

匈牙利每年投入研发经费10亿欧元左右,约占全国GDP的1％。根据新政府的设想,到2020年,研发投入将提高到GDP的1．5％～1．8％。匈牙利国际科技合作活跃,近年来采取多种办法解决人才流失问题,并吸引海外人才回流。根据国家中期科技和创新战略（2007-2013年）,未来匈牙利要形成知识和创新驱动型经济,以确保匈牙利有能力向国际市场提供有竞争力的产品和服务。匈牙利近年确定了一些高校为研究型大学,加强了对产业集群的引导和支持。但是匈牙利仍面临研究经费不足和人才流失的挑战。     

From internal imbalances to global imbalances: a survey on the causes of China’s export-led growth

There is a broad consensus that China’s export- and investment-led growth model is unsustainable and therefore needs to become more balanced. In the public debate, Chinese exchange rate interventions are mostly made (solely) responsible for this. But it is unclear whether and how much the Renminbi is undervalued, and if an exchange rate appreciation helps to reduce China’s current account surplus significantly. This survey reviews the international literature on China’s export-oriented growth model. Internal structural imbalances in the Chinese economy, resulting in an extremely low consumption-to-GDP share by historical and international standards, play hereby a central role. Related to this are: 1) the drop in household and wage income as a share of GDP and low employment growth, and its impact on consumption demand; 2) the increase in income uncertainty and inequality, and its impact on household savings; and 3) the role of government spending, i.e., high and increasing public surpluses. The central policy challenge is therefore to increase household incomes, and to reduce income inequality and uncertainty.     

NATIONAL ACCOUNTING AS A PLANNING TOOL IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: LESSONS OF EXPERIENCE

This paper is directed at the following question: How far is the national accounting system as developed in the industrially advanced countries and recommended by the United Nations applicable and useful to countries at an early stage of development? In order to examine the suitability of this tool, the nature of economic policy decisions and their dependence on macro-statistical constructs are analysed, the emphasis being on planning as actually undertaken in the field or going to be undertaken in the near future and not on planning activities as possibly ought to be attempted. The conclusion reached, based upon personal experience in Africa, the Caribbean area, Brazil and Venezuela, both as “producer” and “user” of data, is that planning is mainly limited to the public sector. Comprehensive plans, prepared with the assistance of foreign consultants, were generally forgotten soon after publication, the driving force behind those plans being external pressure by bilateral donors and international agencies and propaganda-prestige motives. Real over-all economic management or consistent medium term planning of the whole economy never appeared to be an important factor in the decision-making process, possibly because those concepts are far too abstract and do not have short-term impact. The role of national accounting should therefore be limited to the provision of a general framework and factual support for public sector planning activities. In practice the United Nations system has been found far too complicated and ambitious, not sufficiently development planning oriented, and not suitable to the limited statistical resources available in the developing countries. The paper recommends the publication of several detailed “case studies” in national accounting, hoping that those studies might help to identify types of accounting systems appropriate to different existing constellations. In the meantime a drastic scaling down of the United Nations system should be undertaken; we should try to equate demand and supply of relevant information. In the final part, the paper considers planning requirements (timetable and flexibility, information required for a general assessment of the economy, crucial role of the publicsector, relative precision), statistical requirements (resources, data available, priorities, international reporting) and decision-makers’requirements (compactness, simplicity, background information, wishes of external aid donors) and recommends, as an interim measure, a simplified system of national accounts consisting of eight main tables.     

FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY OF JAPAN: A DYNAMIC STOCHASTIC GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the fiscal sustainability of Japan by applying a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to the Japanese economy. By introducing intermediation costs into the model, we succeed in explaining the observed relationship between the interest and GDP growth rates, which is crucial in testing for sustainability. When the projected real growth rate is 2.5%, the average real interest rate becomes 2.57%, and the debt‐to‐GDP ratio gradually increases stochastically so that government debt is not sustainable. To recover sustainability, the primary surplus must be 0.2% of GDP.