基于心理契约的知识型员工激励机制的研究

随着我国知识经济的发展,承载着知识、技能、信息、技术的知识型员工作为知识的生产者,成为企业价值的主要创造力量。在现代管理中,知识型员工已成为企业竞争优势的战略性资源。因此,如何有效激励知识型员工,充分调动他们工作的主动性和积极性,使其最大限度的发挥创造力,提高企业的竞争力是21世纪新型经济的重要命题。对知识型员工的激励除了经济契约外,更重要的是在组织和员工之间建立一种心理契约。本文将从心理契约的理论入手,在公平理论、激励理论等的指导下,得出知识型员工的心理契约特性;同时将知识型员工心理契约划分为交易型心理契约、关系型心理契约和发展型心理契约三个维度;最后,从上述三个维度的视角,分别提出与之对应的激励机制。     

心理契约视角下知识型员工激励系统的优化

心理契约是联系员工和组织的心理纽带,是正式劳务合约的有益补充。它改变了传统经济学从"自私自利"的角度研究雇员,把经济契约和心理契约有机结合,有利于提高雇员的积极性,促进组织的高效率。以知识型员工作为研究对象,结合知识型员工及其心理契约的特点,提出优化知识型员工心理契约激励系统的路径。     

浅析企业知识型人才心理契约违背

知识型人才是企业员工的重要组成部分,他们是知识的所有者、载体,是企业创新的源泉。由于外界环境变化的压力引发的组织变革和知识型员工自身的特点,使知识型员工心理契约违背的可能性增大,心理契约违背会使知识型员工产生消极的心理和行为,严重影响到企业的研发能力,削弱了核心竞争力。文章分析了不同类型知识型员工的心理契约违背,提出知识型员工心理契约违背后的行为体现。     

论知识员工的满意度与心理契约的机制

文章探讨了知识型员工的满意度和心理契约之间的关系,提出了知识型员工的满意度与心理契约的模型和测评控制方法,建立了知识型员工的满意度与心理契约的逻辑模型和度量化的数学模型,提出了一种新的对知识型员工的满意度和心理契约的管理控制方式。     

心理契约的影响因素分析——由富士康跳楼事件引发的心理契约分析

本文在心理契约与激励的相关文献综述的基础上,运用知识型员工心理契约调查问卷,对5家企业的100名员工进行调查,然后使用SPSS 13．0统计软件对心理契约的结构进行探索性因素分析,同时在对这些因素进行相关性检验的基础上得出：知识型员工的心理契约之组织责任以及员工责任都存在着三维结构,即规范责任维度、发展责任维度、人际责任维度,薪酬和工作时间长短是影响员工对组织责任和员工责任认知的最显著因素。心理契约违背导致消极的员工工作态度,工作满意感下降,离职倾向上升等。为此,本文也针对心理契约违背出现的一系列问题提出了一些解决对策,以求实现企业与员工的双赢。     

心理契约的影响因素分析——由富士康跳楼事件引发的心理契约分析

本文在心理契约与激励的相关文献综述的基础上,运用知识型员工心理契约调查问卷,对5家企业的100名员工进行调查,然后使用SPSS 13.0统计较件对心理契约的结构进行探索性因素分析,同时在对这些因素进行相关性检验的基础上得出:知识型员工的心理契约之组织责任以及员工责任都存在着三维结构,即规范责任维度、发展责任维度、人际责任维度,薪酬和工作时间长短是影响员工对组织责任和员工责任认知的最显著因素.心理契约违背导致消极的员工工作态度,工作满意感下降,离职倾向上升等.为此,本文也针对心理契约违背出现的一系列问题提出了一些解决对策,以求实现企业与员工的双赢.     

心理契约对知识型员工组织公民行为管理的影响研究

贡献在于拓宽了心理契约的应用领域和OCB的前因变量范围,即针对知识型员工这样一个特殊群体研究心理契约和OCB的关系。在对国内外心理契约和组织公民行为理论综述的基础上,分析了知识型员工心理需求的特点,并对管理知识型员工组织公民行为的方法进行了探讨,提出了通过心理契约管理激发知识型员工组织公民行为的对策。     

知识型员工心理契约结构和激励机制

本文从知识型员工的特征出发,对我国传统文化背景下的知识型员工与组织之间心理契约的结构进行探索．认为组织责任和员工责任的心理契约结构维度存在差异,突出人际支持和协作发展更符合我国企业知识型员工心理契约的特征。在此基础上探讨有针对性的激励机制,通过心理契约的信守、巩固、修正和发展整合各种激励机制,以期提高对知识型员工的管理效率。     

知识型员工心理契约预测方法研究——基于回归树和RBF神经网络的学习算法

以知识型员工心理契约为研究对象,结合在国内三家知识型员工企业调研的实测数据,建立基于RBF神经网络的心理契约预测模型,同时为实现对RBF神经网络预测效率的优化,选择回归树与RBF神经网络相结合的方式,力求实现两者的优势互补,建立一个高效便捷的回归树与RBF神经网络相结合的知识型员工心理契约预测模型。结果表明:通过回归树、RBF神经网络预测数据结果与在三家知识型员工企业实际施测数据结果比较后发现,回归树与RBF结合的神经网络预测数据结果具有较高的准确性。因此,我们可以认为基于回归树的RBF神经网络的学习算法和以该算法为核心的知识型员工心理契约水平预测模型是有效的,该模型对知识型员工心理契约水平的预测具有较高的准确性。该模型能够替代以往对知识型员工心理契约主观预测的方法,使心理契约的预测过程更为高效,预测结果更加科学。     

心理契约在知识型员工管理中的应用分析

本文从知识型员工的特征出发,对知识型员工的管理问题进行探索。认为心理契约在知识型员工的管理中发挥着重要作用。企业应充分认识知识型员工心理契约的特点,并采取相应的管理措施,才能调动知识型员工的积极性,提高企业的管理效率。     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages – A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico

This paper explores the value of mangrove systems as a breeding and nursery habitat for off-shore fisheries, focusing on mangrove-shrimp production linkages in Campeche State, Mexico. We develop an open access fishery model to account explicitly for the effect of mangrove area on carrying capacity and thus production. From the long-run equilibrium conditions of the model we are able to establish the key parameters determining the comparative static effects of a change in mangrove area on this equilibrium. We then estimate empirically the effects of changes in mangrove area in the Laguna de Terminos on the production and value of shrimp harvests in Campeche over 1980–90. Our findings suggest that mangroves are an important and essential input into the Campeche shrimp fishery, but that the low levels of deforestation between 1980 and 1990 mean that the resulting losses to the shrimp fishery are still comparatively small. Over-exploitation of the fishery due to open access conditions remains the more pervasive threat, and without better management any long-run benefits of protecting mangrove habitat are likely to be dissipated.     

An Economic Analysis and Simulation of Woodfuel Management in the Sahel

This paper presents an economic framework and a computationalmethodology for assessing the evolution of woodfuel supply costsand the spatial distribution of biomass in a Sahelian woodlandsetting. Spatial data on standing stock and the costs oftransport to market are used to construct a supply curve for fuelto a fuel-consuming location. Given an exogenously specifieddemand, the model simulates, period by period, the extraction,regeneration, and transport of wood fuels. The model is appliedto evaluate the benefits and ecological impacts of scenarios forwoodland management around the city of N'Djamena, Chad.     

Evidence on the impact of R&D and ICT investments on innovation and productivity in Italian firms

Both research and development (R&D) and information and communication technology (ICT) investment have been identified as sources of relative innovation underperformance in Europe vis-à-vis the USA. In this article, we investigate the R&D and ICT investment at the firm level in an effort to assess their relative importance and to what extent they are complements or substitutes. We use data on a large unbalanced panel data sample of Italian manufacturing firms constructed from four consecutive waves of a survey of manufacturing firms, to estimate a version of the CDM model of R&D, innovation, and productivity [Crépon–Duguet–Mairesse 1998. Research, innovation and productivity: An econometric analysis at the firm level. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 7, no. 2: 115–58] that has been modified to include ICT investment and R&D as the two main inputs into innovation and productivity. We find that R&D and ICT are both strongly associated with innovation and productivity, with R&D being more important for innovation, and ICT investment being more important for productivity. For the median firm, rates of return to both investments are so high that they suggest considerably underinvestment in both these activities. We explore the possible complementarity between R&D and ICT in innovation and production, but find none, although we do find complementarity between R&D and worker skill in innovation.     

Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth*

Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth are identified. Included is a discussion of his contributions on: the determinants of differences in speed of adoption of innovations; the use of patents to measure technology; the private and social returns to R&D; and spillover effects from R&D. Griliches's own evaluation of his research contribution is compared to the evaluation of others in the field, using as evidence citation counts of his works collected from the online Web of Science. Griliches's most important contribution is his 1957 Econometrica hybrid corn paper that is a foundation of the economics of technological innovation. Remarkably, the trend in annual citations to the paper has continued to increase for over 40 years. Finally, we summarize Griliches's most recent views on the practice of economics and on the most important unanswered questions in the economics of technology and growth.     

新员工主动社会化行为与组织承诺关系研究——以社会资本为中介变量

为了探索新员工主动社会化行为影响组织承诺的过程,本文对来自企业的401个有效样本进行了实证分析。本研究运用层级回归的方法,控制了人口统计变量的影响后,发现员工的搜寻信息和搜寻绩效反馈行为对组织承诺有直接的正面影响,同时,通过员工社会资本对员工组织承诺产生了间接的正面影响。社会资本在员工搜寻信息和搜寻绩效反馈行为影响组织承诺的机制中起部分中介作用。员工的关系构建行为对组织承诺没有显著影响,但对员工社会资本存在显著的正面影响。