三氧化二铋的制备及光催化性能的研究

本文对三氧化二铋的制备及其光催化性能进行了研究,以硝酸铋和氨水为原材料采用特殊液相沉淀法,制备出三氧化二铋的前驱体Bi(OH)3,通过焙烧制得纳米氧化铋粉体.通过XRD、TEM对产物的晶体结构、形貌进行表征.研究焙烧温度和反应液pH值两个因素对纳米粉体影响.以亚甲基橙溶液为降解目标,研究产物的光催化性能,在本实验条件下表明:三氧化二铋在可见光下可以催化降解该溶液,在反应液pH=8、煅烧温度为700时三氧化二铋对亚甲基橙溶液的降解效果最好,在60 min时间内降解率高达91.7%.     

高级氧化技术在污水处理中的应用进展

高级氧化技术（Advanced Oxidation Technologies，简称AOT）又称深度氧化技术，是利用活性极强的自由基（如·OH）氧化分解水中有机污染物的新型氧化除污染技术。OH的标准氧化还原电位高达28V，比其它常见的氧化剂（F2除外）具有更高的氧化能力，使水中的有机物质迅速被氧化而得到降解，并最终氧化分解为CO2和H2O，使有机污水的COD值大大降低，对水中高稳定性、难降解的有机污染物尤为有效，已经逐渐成为水处理技术研究的热点。高级氧化技术包括Fenton法、O3氧化法、湿式氧化技术、超临界水氧化法、纳米光催化氧化法、电化学催化降解法等。     

过渡金属掺杂的二氧化钛纳米粉体的制备与表征

用共沉淀法制备了过渡金属掺杂的TiO2纳米粉体,掺杂量(按相应掺杂金属的氧化物质量计)为TiO2质量的1%。TEM照片显示:掺杂的TiO2的颗粒大小均为20～30nm之间,掺杂了过渡金属氧化物后,并没有对TiO2的颗粒形貌产生影响。XRD分析表明:掺杂后的TiO2仍然保持锐钛矿相的结构。根据Scherrer方程计算了纯TiO2及共沉淀法掺杂的TiO2样品的(101)晶面的晶格畸变应力,过渡金属离子掺杂的TiO2的晶格畸变应力均发生明显变化,这可能是由于掺杂的金属离子已进入了TiO2的晶格,占据了晶格中Ti的位置。     

光催化电化学联合降解水中苯酚的研究

采用电化学、光催化联合工艺降解水中苯酚,在对其降解机理、反应动力学进行分析的基础上,考察了电解质浓度、电流密度及溶液pH等控制因素对降解速率的影响。实验结果表明：电化学和光催化同时作用时,产生了协同作用;以氯化钠为电解质可增强协同作用;光电联合工艺降解苯酚符合准一级反应动力学;弱酸性环境有利于降解反应的进行。在电流密度30 mA/cm2、NaCl添加量0.3 g/L、pH为6左右的条件下降解初始浓度50 mg/L苯酚废水,2.5 h苯酚被完全去除,6 h后TOC去除率达到75%。     

浅谈高级氧化技术在给水处理中的应用

高级氧化技术是近年采很受人们关注的废水处理新技术，用其处理含有高浓度难降解有机污染物的印染废水的研究也在广泛展开。主要介绍了国内外采用湿式氧化法、臭氧氧化法、光催化氧化法、超临界氧化法和电化学氧化法等高级氧化技术处理染料废水的机理、研究进展及应用前景，本文将对这些方法的机理、研究进展以及应用前景予以简单介绍。     

颗粒法制备TiO2溶胶的试验研究

本文采用颗粒法制备TiO2溶胶,试验以钛酸四丁酯为前驱物,研究了不同条件下TiO2溶胶的制备过程,得出了最佳工艺条件,并对溶胶机理进行了解释。     

新型充电工具——微型太阳能板

光生伏特电池把太阳能转换成电。这项用于通讯和航天工业中的技术多年来也用于市场上销售的太阳能手表和计算器上。目前,设于美国新泽西州普林斯顿市的CHRONAR公司已制成出两种称为非晶体光生伏特板的新的微型太阳能板。每块太阳能板是一块涂以硅和氧化金属的玻璃。当阳光投射到板上时,产生电流,光变成电源。     

俄罗斯研制成功固体氧化物电化学装置

1.固体氧化物电化学装置的用途及特性 固体氧化物电化学装置的基质为由掺有氧化钇、氧化镱和氧化钪的二氧化锆制成的固体电解质。其电极是以镍、钻及氧化锰、氧化镧和氧化锶为基质,工作温度为600—1000℃。其功能如下:     

双向V型墩连续刚构桥墩梁固结区光弹性应力分析

尤溪县城关水东大桥是国内新型双向V型墩多跨连续刚构桥。各墩顶左右幅箱形梁零号块、V型支撑与墩固结的关键部位，受力及几何构造复杂。通过三维光弹性模型实验和应力分析，按照实验力学的相似理论研究该V型墩、梁结合部的内力传递、应力集中、局部应力分布规律，为该桥设计计算、施工控制以及使用状态评价提供科学依据。     

纳米TiO2材料在废水处理中的应用及前景

综述了近几年纳米TiO2材料在有机废水、造纸废水、印染废水、无机废水处理中的应用情况,指出了纳米TiO2材料在废水处理领域中的研究进展,并提出发展趋势.纳米TiO2材料在废水处理方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.