我国经济周期波动率的成分分解及稳定性研究

随着世界经济周期波动的减缓,我国经济波动也呈现出稳定性趋势.文章通过建立具有货币政策干预的产品市场均衡模型,对我国实际产出波动率进行了成分分解,并将实际产出波动的来源归结为需求冲击、供给冲击和货币冲击的作用.通过这些经济冲击方差序列的度量,又对实际产出波动率进行了冲击方差序列的回归检验,发现我国需求冲击和货币冲击强度的逐渐平稳是经济周期波动率降低的主要原因,而供给冲击对实际产出波动率没有产生显著影响.因此,我国宏观经济调控仍然需要坚持需求管理的政策导向,以保持经济持续稳定增长.     

开放条件下中国经济周期波动的经验分析

文章通过选取1952—2011年的经济数据,讨论了1978年改革开放前后中国经济周期特征的变化,并与其他国家经济周期特征进行了比较。分析发现,中国经济周期既有新兴市场国家的周期特征,又有发达国家的周期特征。改革开放后,除了价格和名义汇率外,其他宏观经济变量的波动幅度都变小了,大多数经济变量与产出的同期相关性和持续性都提高了。这些事实对于理解中国经济周期波动具有十分重要的作用。     

经济增长的阶段性假说和波动性溢出效应检验

增长性和波动性是增长型经济周期的典型特征。如果增长水平与波动程度之间负相关，则降低经济波动程度有助于经济稳定和持续发展；如果波动性对于增长水平存在“溢出效应”，则适度经济波动将促进经济增长。实证检验表明，增长性与波动性之间的关联依赖于经济的发展阶段。目前我国经济存在显著的波动“溢出效应”，因此应该继续保持积极经济政策的顺周期方向。     

中国货币供给路径与经济波动轨迹——现金先行模型与校准分析

我国货币经济的数据特征表明,货币供给路径与宏观经济的波动轨迹之间存在着极大的相似性。本文基于现金先行模型方法,将货币因素纳入到真实经济周期模型中来进行考察,并对差分方程系统中的参数与变量稳态值进行校准,通过数值模拟得到模型经济数据。将模型经济数据与实际经济数据进行比对发现,模型经济能较好地解释了实际经济的波动情况,对产出波动的解释达到80.5%。通过脉冲响应分析发现,我国货币政策不仅对产出等实际变量存在影响,而且对通货膨胀率、名义利率等名义变量的影响更大,货币具有偏向中性的特点。     

财政政策波动性与财政规则:基于开放条件DSGE模型的分析

本文定量测度了中国财政政策波动性,构建了开放条件下的动态随机一般均衡模型,研究中国财政政策波动性的宏观影响与微观机理,并从降低财政政策波动性的负面影响视角考察财政规则的影响。结果表明:中国财政政策存在较大波动性;财政政策波动性冲击通过预期渠道导致总产出、消费、投资、出口和劳动雇佣等下滑及价格上涨;封闭条件会低估财政政策波动性的负面影响,开放条件下财政政策波动性的负面影响更大;金融摩擦会降低财政政策波动性冲击的影响;在不同的财政规则下,财政政策波动性对总产出、投资和私人消费均产生负效应。不同财政规则下的财政政策波动性影响程度存在差异,从总产出和私人消费角度看,在基准财政规则下,财政波动性的负效应最小。     

我国财政政策作用机制与经济周期波动的相关性研究

我国积极财政政策在总需求管理过程中起到了重要作用.通过判断我国财政政策工具和财政政策规模与经济周期波动之间的关联,描述结构VAR模型中财政政策的作用和反馈过程,我们发现我国积极财政政策操作过程中体现出了一定程度的相机选择性和对经济周期阶段的依赖性,这意味着在我国经济增长已经出现"软扩张"的经济周期态势下,应当适当调整财政政策的期限结构和政策工具,加强货币政策的组合作用,继续保持积极财政政策对国内产出的作用方向.     

我国实际产出序列非对称性和非线性特征的统计检验——基于时域形变模型的检验分析

实际产出序列的非对称性和非线性是经济周期波动的重要动态特征。本文利用时间序列的时域形变检验方法分析我国实际产出序列。研究发现:我国实际产出序列存在一定程度的非对称性和非线性;我国实际产出序列的扩张过程无论是在幅度方面还是持续性方面均强于紧缩过程。这意味着现阶段我国经济增长具有高位持续的趋势,本轮经济周期将形成高位底部并具有拖长的倾向。     

我国经济周期波动的成因及指标分析

以GDP增长率为指标值，考察我国近60年的经济发展状况，我们发现存在着明显的经济周期波动性。文章从形成经济周期波动的内在机理的角度，分析其形成原因以及相关测算指标，并给出有建设性的意见，以期实现我国经济的平稳、高位、健康发展。     

需求冲击与供给冲击下中国经济波动机制研究

我国实际产出与通货膨胀主要受到供给因素的影响,其中实际产出主要受到技术冲击的影响,而通货膨胀则主要受到价格加成冲击的影响.因此,为了保持宏观经济的持续稳定增长,政府在适度刺激总需求的同时,要对总供给管理政策给予充分的重视,配合使用稳健性货币政策和积极财政政策对经济进行调控,有效管理经济运行风险因素与通货膨胀的形成,保持"十三五"时期经济增长和通货膨胀的双重稳定.     

中国股票市场波动性的结构性变换与重大事件

文章运用迭代累积平方和算法检测了我国股票市场的波动性出现结构性变换的情形。通过研究波动性的结构性变换附近的重大事件,我们发现政府对我国股票市场的规制是造成波动性发生结构性变换,尤其是使波动性突然大幅增加的主要原因。这个结论有异于现有的文献。本文的研究在一定程度上表明,我国股票市场的确具有"政策市"的特征,这意味着进一步认识股票市场的规制和改进现有的规制实践是有必要的。     

Forecasting growth during the Great Recession: is financial volatility the missing ingredient?

The Great Recession endured by the main industrialized countries during the period 2008–2009, in the wake of the financial and banking crisis, has pointed out the major role of the financial sector on macroeconomic fluctuations. In this respect, many researchers have started to reconsider the linkages between financial and macroeconomic areas. In this paper, we evaluate the leading role of the daily volatility of two major financial variables, namely commodity and stock prices, in their ability to anticipate the output growth. For this purpose, we propose an extended MIDAS model that allows the forecasting of the quarterly output growth rate using exogenous variables sampled at various higher frequencies. Empirical results on three industrialized countries (US, France, and UK) show that mixing daily financial volatilities and monthly industrial production is useful at the time of predicting gross domestic product growth over the Great Recession period.     

Accounting for Growth and Output Gaps: Evidence from New Zealand

We evaluate New Zealand's macroeconomic performance over the 1967–1996 period, which witnessed numerous economic reforms. Using both index–number and econometric techniques, we decompose nominal GDP growth and the output gap into contributions from price level changes, productivity growth and changes in factor utilisation. Changes in domestic prices accounted for four–fifths of the growth in nominal GDP, while capital accumulation and employment growth were the most important factors determining real–output growth. Deviations in the domestic price level around its long–run trend contributed most heavily to changes in the nominal output gap. The real gap was influenced in any year variously by deviations of the terms of trade and labour input from their long–run trends, as well as by productivity shocks.     

Modeling Exchange Rate Volatility

This paper investigates the impact of the volatility of the underlying macroeconomic fundamentals on exchange rate volatility utilizing the bounds testing approach to cointegration. The results show that, in the long run the volatility of the money supply is the sole determinant, whereas in the short run overshooting is found.     

Macroeconomic Policy and Employment Growth in Australia

Abstract
This article, which explores various aspects of macroeconomic policy and employment growth, is prompted by the relative lack of attention given to these issues in the Green and White Papers on unemployment. The problem of hysteresis reinforces the generally recognised need to reduce the excessive volatility of output and employment growth in Australia. International comparisons presented in the article suggest that Australian output and employment growth have been more volatile than those of the three major OECD countries. Reduction in macroeconomic volatility requires more effective short-term demand management than we have had in the recent past, and in turn, means that we must know more about the strength and timing of the effects of major macroeconomic policy instruments on employment growth and unemployment. This article presents employment growth equations for Australia over the period 1979–93 which incorporate domestic macroeconomic policy effects as well as the influences of the international business cycle. We show that monetary and fiscal policy have had a significant impact on the evolution of employment in Australia and, in particular, that tight monetary and fiscal policy contributed substantially to the recession of 1990–92.     

Macroeconomic Control in the Transforming Chinese Economy: An Analysis of the Long‐Run Effect

This paper analyzes the issue of macroeconomic control in the Chinese economy where there is a dual structure (consisting of a state sector and a non‐state sector) and the financial sector is still under tight control by the government. Given the dual structure and financial repression, when inflation is a severe problem, the authors investigate whether it is possible for the government to bring inflation under control without hampering long‐term economic growth performance. The investigation is conducted within the context of an endogenous growth model that incorporates the two major institutional features of the transforming Chinese economy. The paper evaluates the long‐run effects of changes in government monetary and fiscal policies on the major macroeconomic aggregates. The analysis suggests that increasing in the interest rate on government bonds will reduce inflation without affecting the growth rate of output; while increasing the nominal interest rate on bank deposits will exert a stagflationary effect on the economy: raising the inflation rate but reducing the growth rate of output.     

Interest Rate Volatility Regimes in Selected Asian Countries:A Univariate Markov Switching Analysis

Business cycle dynamics are determined by relatively large volatilities in output,consumption,and investment,which leads to cyclical fluctuations in interest rates.Using the Markov switching model,we model the nominal interest rate movements to explain the volatility regime shifts in a set of selected emerging Asian economies.The estimated results provide significant evidence of regime-dependent means,variances,and probabilities in both stable and volatile regimes in selected countries,confirming the existence of two distinct regimes in nominal interest rate movements.In addition,the smoothed probability results of switching autoregressive model show that the model is capable of capturing the two regimes for the corresponding nominal interest rate behaviors.Besides,the results reveal that the stables regimes have higher durations than the volatile regimes.This study also shows the advantage of Markov switching models over conventional regression models,allowing the identification of different regimes for the cyclical behavior of interest rates.     

Macroeconomic effects of increased wage flexibility in EMU

We analyse the macroeconomic effects of a more flexible wage setting process in the euro area. Reducing wage rigidities leads to far greater volatility in nominal wages, which ultimately translates into somewhat higher output and consumption volatility, while employment volatility is hardly affected. Even though volatility increases, the persistence of shocks is significantly reduced, which improves welfare of the union as a whole. We can show in a counterfactual analysis that, with lower wage rigidities, real GDP in the rest of the euro area would be higher and the unemployment rate lower compared to recent levels.     

An empirical analysis of the US stock market and output growth volatility spillover effects on three Anglo-Saxon countries

This paper examines the dynamic and switching effects of volatility spillovers arising from US stock market returns and GDP growth on those of Australia, Canada and the UK. For this purpose, we use quarterly data (1961q1–2013q1) and a constant probability Markov regime switching model. We found that the US stock market volatility significantly affects the stock market volatility of all three countries at least in one of the two specified regimes over time. However, the stock market volatilities in none of the three countries are contemporaneously influenced by the US output volatility even after allowing for two distinct regimes. On the other hand, the US stock market volatility exerts significant influences on the output volatilities of both Australia and the UK. Compared with Australia and the UK, Canada and the US show substantial output volatility co-movements, thereby confirming the close association between the two neighbouring economies through the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). We conclude that shocks emanating from the US stock market have unequivocal flow-on effects on the output and return volatilities of the other economies.     

中国宏观经济形势与政策2001-2002年

中国宏观经济政策应该遵循竞争性市场经济的均衡原则,并且其短期效应与长期效应应该是相互包容和内在一致的,短期的反周期需求管理在长期均衡的宏观经济政策框架下实现。中国经济需求管理的财政政策、货币政策、汇率政策长期组合应该是平衡财政预算、稳定货币供应与均衡汇率机制。     

Terms‐of‐Trade Shocks and Exchange Rate Regimes in a Small Open Economy*

We examine the impact of terms‐of‐trade shocks on key macroeconomic variables by numerically solving a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of a small open economy. The model considers nominal price rigidity under different exchange rate regimes. The numerical solutions obtained are consistent with the empirical regularities documented by Broda (2004), in which output responses to shocks are smoother in floats than in pegs; in moving from pegs to floats, the rise in nominal exchange rate volatility is coupled by the rise in real exchange rate volatility; and in both exchange rate regimes, net foreign assets is the most volatile variable.