巴特沃思数字滤波器的设计与仿真实现

本文介绍了IIR巴特沃思数字低通滤渡器的设计方法与步骤,并运用MATLAB实现了巴特沃思数字滤波器的设计与仿真.     

数字幅频均衡功率放大器

作品以TMS320VC5402型DSP为核心器件，配合功率放大器及调理电路，制作完成了数字幅频均衡功率放大器。前端经AD620将小信号放大，由级联的带通滤波器滤波，经带阻网络后由MAX147的A／D采样送给DSP，通过有限冲击响应（FIR）滤波器用时域的方法实现数字幅频均衡，经DAC0800输出给后级的D类功率放大器。经测试，前置放大电路和带阻网络完全满足题目的要求，数字幅频均衡电路基本实现通频带内电压幅度波动在1．5dB以内。     

基于MATLAB的FIR滤波器设计探讨

本文简述使用MATLAB信号处理工具箱进行FIR滤波器设计的3种方法:程序设计法、FSPTool设计法和DATool设计法,给出7详细的设计步骤,并将设计的滤波器应用到一个混和正弦波信号,以验证滤波器的性能.     

计算机虚拟仪器技术在测控领域的应用

一、虚拟仪器VI的概念 Virtual Instruments（简称VI）通过应用程序将通用计算机与仪器硬件结合起来，用户可以通过友好的图形界面（通常称虚拟前面板）操作计算机，就象在操作自己定义、自己设计的一台单个传统仪器一样。VI以透明的方式把计算机资源（如微处理器、内存等）和仪器硬件（数字I／O、定时器等）的测量、控制能力结合在一起，通过软件实现对数据的分析处理、表达以及图形化用户接口的功能运作。     

基于NET技术在网络化虚拟仪器中的应用

Virtual Instruments（简称VI）通过应用程序将通用计算机与仪器硬件结合起来，用户可以通过友好的图形界面（通常称虚拟前面板）操作计算机，就象在操作自己定义、自己设计的一台单个传统仪器一样。VI以透明的方式把计算机资源（如微处理器、内存等）和仪器硬件（数字I／O、定时器等）的测量、控制能力结合在一起，通过软件实现对数据的分析处理、表达以及图形化用户接口的功能运作。[第一段]     

日本新干线的主要技术进步和经济效益

日本的新干线诞生于35年前，其后随着信息技术和电气技术的整体进步，为实现大运量高密度运行、提高安全性能及减少维护费用基本目的，新干线先后做过7次大的设计变更，应用了大批新技术，从技术整体来看与35年前相比有了”质的”飞跃。1，提高了行车速度通过采取最佳气动特性车型设计、改进车辆倾斜方法、提高曲线通过速度、及应用数字自动列车控制装置（ATC）、列车集个控制装置（CTC）、交通管理计算机系统（COMTRCC）等实现了速度控制最优化运行，使得新干线行驶速度从开业时的200公里／小时提高到现在的300公里／小时。2．应用了…     

数字地面模型新进展：TIN2.0、3D表面 塑型线和自由形态建模工具

竖向设计是人类在景观中进行的基本活动。人类对 室外空间的任何干预都涉及对地表形态的设计。在过去的几十 年中，数字设计的发展不仅改变了表现的方法，而且改变了设 计的过程。就地形建模而言，该技术实现了三维可视化和任务 自动化，例如土方计算和自动产生横截面。但在重点考察最新 的建筑信息模型(BIM)如何应用和实施这项技术时，不难发现 地形建模过程并没有充分利用技术带来的潜在优势。实际上， 三维建模工具、基于组件的建模和分析、设计验证，以及协同 设计是可以集成到数字地面模型中的。识别了现有数字建模解 决方案中的主要缺陷并为其进一步发展提供机会，提出了一 项整合性的数字地面模型建模过程，该过程引入了TIN2.0曲 面，对现有的TIN曲面进行了升级，允许在同一曲面中同时存 在规则三角网和不规则三角网，并开发了一套基于三维线和自 由形态设计工具的建模工具，推动风景园林信息模型框架的发 展以满足风景园林师及其他专业人士，如建筑师和土木工程师 进行地形建模的需求。通过案例研究对提出的建模过程进行了 测试和验证。结果表明，生成的数字曲面具有较高精度，可以 具象地表现地形，允许设计过程在三维线或自由形态设计工具 的基础上进行。所有地形建模均在三维数字模型上进行     

机器人应用对城市碳排放影响的机理与效应研究

全面实施“机器人+”应用行动是新时代建设制造强国、数字中国的必然要求,也是推动经济社会高质量发展的重要举措。工业机器人是实现信息化与工业化深度融合的关键,加快机器人在城市产业生产体系的应用能否实现碳减排效应有待检验。本文基于国际机器人联合会（IFR）数据,采用固定效应模型检验机器人应用对城市碳排放的影响及其作用机制。研究结果显示：机器人应用能够减少城市碳排放;机器人应用通过绿色创新能力、财政科技支出和市场竞争程度影响城市碳排放;机器人应用对中西部地区、非老工业基地和低行政等级城市碳排放的抑制作用更明显。以上结论可以为理解机器人在城市低碳发展中起到的积极作用提供新的视角,也可以为中国制定提升机器人应用深度及广度计划、培育机器人产业发展生态等提供参考。     

电子支付中电子现金探讨

电子现金又被称为数字现金，是电子现金公司（银行）发行并承诺其价值、可以识别其面值和验证其真伪但不可伪造的序列密码。电子现金作为纸币的电子等价物已完全可能具备货币的五种基本功能，它可通过网络系统和公共信息平台实现流通、存取、支付，因而更受商家和用户的青睐，正成为电子支付研究的热点。     

我国房地产业功能定位——基于对相关产业带动效应的分析

通过建立向量自回归模型（VAR）,运用Granger因果检验方法、脉冲响应函数实证分析了我国房地产业对相关产业的带动效应,明确我国房地产业功能定位。研究发现房地产业对国民经济冲击表现为持续时间长、力度大,对物质资本型、原材料消耗型产业（工业、建筑业）带动效应明显,而对批发零售业、化学工业、社会服务业的带动效应微弱,说明我国房地产业尚处在数量积累和粗放扩张阶段,仍然“外生于”国民经济之中。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

How chaebol restructuring after the 1997 crisis has affected corporate decision and performance in Korea: debt financing,ownership structure,and investment

ABSTRACT

Korean chaebol firms, characterized by excessive debt financing and overinvestment, experienced restructuring after the 1997 crisis. By reducing debt financing and thus overinvestment, they tried to reorganize financing structure and ownership structure. Chaebols’ debt reduction turns out to have improved performance. However, polarization between chaebol and non-chaebol firms has become more significant. Even after the crisis, firms that give higher cash flows to a controlling shareholder take more capital investment, indicating that agency problems still exist within chaebols. Chaebol-affiliated firms continue to be more active in R&D than non-chaebol firms. However, the pattern is limited to the group of top 10 chaebols after the crisis.

Abbreviations: KFTC: Korea Fair Trade Commission     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.