管理层持股与公司绩效实证研究:来自深交所A股的经验证据

公司治理理论中股权激励问题首当其冲:在两权分离的情况下恰当的激励能够减少代理成本,增加企业价值;激励不足或过度会增加代理成本,影响企业价值。以在深交所上市413家公司为研究对象,运用非线性模型对上市公司管理层持股与经营绩效的相关性进行实证检验。结果表明二者之间存在三次曲线关系:管理层持股在0%~13.71%之间时,公司绩效随管理层持股比例的增加而增加;管理层持股在13.71%~44.99%之间时,公司绩效随管理层持股比例的增加而下降;管理层持股超过44.99%时,公司绩效再次随着管理层持股比例的增加而增加。实证结果对当前企业股权激励现实有一定指导意义。     

上市公司股权结构与公司治理的关系研究——来自装备制造业上市公司的经验证据

股权结构是影响公司治理的重要因素,利用多元线性回归对股权治理、债权治理、管理层激励三个层面进行分析,探讨其对公司治理的影响程度。实证表明:第一大股东持股比例、股权集中度、股权制衡度和管理者持股比例与公司治理呈正相关关系,而现金流动负债比率和资产负债率与公司治理呈负相关关系。然而我国装备制造业上市公司股权治理结构并不合理,应进一步优化股权结构、完善监管体系以及建立多元化投资体系等来提高公司治理水平。     

管理层权力对上市公司分红行为的影响——基于我国A股上市公司的经验证据

以我国沪深A股2003～2010年数据为基础,本文实证检验了管理层权力对上市公司分红行为的影响。研究发现:管理层权力与上市公司现金股利支付率显著负相关;管理层持股弱化了管理层权力对公司现金股利支付的负面影响。相比于管理层持股比例高的上市公司,管理层持股比例低的上市公司管理层权力对公司分红的影响更显著。此外,产权性质不同的公司,管理层权力对公司分红的影响差异显著。     

高管薪酬激励、股权激励与企业价值相关性的实证检验

基于1998年到2008年上市公司的面板数据,本文实证分析了高管薪酬、高管持股对企业价值的影响,结果发现高管薪酬对企业价值有非线性的"U"型影响,在高管薪酬超过一定的额度后,高管薪酬激励明显呈现出边际递增的激励效果.高管持股比例对企业价值只有线性正向影响,并未发现高管持股对企业价值的非线性影响关系.本文认为中国上市公司的高管薪酬激励发挥了一定的激励效果,上市公司应该合理的对高管进行薪酬激励和股权激励.     

管理层持股与现金策略:基于市场化水平的调节作用

选取沪深两市2012-2014年非金融类上市公司为样本,结合我国市场化水平检验管理层持股比例对现金持有量和现金-现金流敏感度的影响。实证结果表明:(1)管理层持股比例与现金持有量之间呈U型关系。(2)管理层持股比例的增加在一定范围起到缓解融资约束的作用,降低了现金-现金流敏感度;但超过某一临界值之后,管理层持股增强了融资约束,即增强了现金-现金流敏感度。(3)市场化水平对管理层持股和现金持有量以及现金-现金流敏感之间具有调节作用,体现在:强化了管理层持股比例与现金持有量之间的负相关性,缓解了融资约束效应。     

试探管理层股权薪酬的影响因素

本文以2007年制造业上市公司为研究对象,研究证明管理层股权薪酬收入和第一大股东性质显著相关,国有性质的企业管理层的股权薪酬收入比重较低.第一大股东持股比例和股权薪酬收入负相关,能够发挥对股权激励内部监督的替代作用.实施股权激励能够提高公司的价值.     

公司治理与风险承担——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

转型经济环境下的我国公司治理机制能否激励公司风险承担是本文的研究主题。本文以中国上市公司2006—2011年数据为样本,对上市公司治理机制与公司风险承担关系进行系统的理论分析和实证检验。研究发现,良好的公司治理机制能够激励上市公司的风险承担,具体来说,董事会独立性对公司风险承担有正的影响,大股东持股比例与公司风险承担之间存在U型关系,管理层持股有利于激励公司风险承担,私有产权控股对公司风险承担有正的影响。     

上市公司股权结构对各类投资的影响分析

投资与公司的股权结构之间有密切的关系,文章以140家上市公司为样本,实证分析了投资与股权结构之间的关系。结果表明国有股比例、法人股比例、流通股比例对我国上市公司的投资影响不太显著,而管理层持股比例对公司的各种投资决策影响明显,从而得出:我国的上市公司应适当增加管理层持股比例,有助于提高公司投资决策的正确性。     

股权结构、代理问题与公司多元化折价

本文利用我国最新的上市公司资料,在得出我国上市多元化公司存在折价的基础上,从股权结构的角度来验证了代理问题和公司多元化折价的关系.我们发现,国有股权与公司多元化程度呈现负相关关系,法人股与多元化程度呈倒U形曲线关系,流通股与多元化程度呈正比例关系;股权集中度、机构持股比例和管理层持股与多元化程度呈负相关关系.结果表明,代理问题在有效解释公司多元化程度的同时,也有效地解释了公司多元化折价的产生.     

市场竞争强度、管理层持股与股利分配——来自中国非金融类上市公司的经验证据

选取2009—2013年中国沪深两市1208家非金融类上市公司为样本,运用Tobit模型和Probit模型,实证检验了管理层持股比例对股利分配(股利分配的额度和倾向性)的治理效应。结果显示:中国上市公司管理层持股与股利分配的关系曲线呈倒U型,即在一定范围内,管理层持股比例越高,上市公司股利发放的倾向性和力度就越大;而管理层持股比例一旦超过某一临界值,管理层持股比例的增加反而会降低股利发放的倾向性和力度;市场竞争对管理层持股的治理效应产生显著影响,体现为当竞争程度相对较高时管理层持股比例越高,则上市公司股利分配的可能性和分配额度越高。     

Ownership structure and diversification in a scenario of weak shareholder protection

This work examines the influences of ownership concentration and insider ownership on corporate strategies for diversification within a scenario characterized by poor protection of shareholder interests. We find evidence of a quadratic relationship between ownership concentration and diversification, and a cubic relationship between diversification and insider ownership. These results point towards the high probability of both expropriation and entrenchment phenomena, respectively, in this kind of scenario. We also find that concentrated ownership requires high levels of insider ownership, in order to prevent negative externalities of diversification. Another result shows that entrenchment externalities affect diversification before they erode firm value, which suggests that for low levels of diversification, firm value is still not negatively affected. Additionally, our results show that control mechanisms, such as debt, director remuneration and compliance with codes of good practice, are negatively related to the level of diversification. Overall, our results confirm the theoretical relevance of agency theory in explaining managerial attitudes towards corporate strategy, i.e. diversification. Furthermore, companies characterized by deficiencies in shareholder legal protection, concentrated ownership structures and a higher likelihood of managers being entrenched, should focus on the correct functioning of corporate governance mechanisms.     

理解企业多元化经营的新视角:控股股东的影响

多元化经营在现实企业中普遍存在,这也吸引了大量研究探寻企业多元化经营的动机。已有文献主要关注企业本身多元化经营,忽略了控股股东因素,从而存在一定的认知偏差。不同于已有文献,基于手工搜集数据,本文首次考察了控股股东多元化经营与上市公司多元化经营之间的关系及其影响因素。研究发现,首先,控股股东多元化经营与上市公司多元化经营之间存在着一定的替代关系,说明控股股东将上市公司多元化经营作为其整体多元化经营战略的一部分;其次,从影响机制上看,控股股东持有上市公司的权益在其总资产中份额越高、其他大股东持股比例越高、上市公司所处地区市场化程度越高,控股股东多元化经营与上市公司多元化经营之间的替代关系会越弱,说明那些有助于减轻控股股东对上市公司进行干预的因素将会弱化这种关系。本文为理解企业多元化经营行为以及企业与其控股股东的关系提供了新的视角。     

Reallocation of corporate resources and managerial incentives in internal capital markets

Diversified firms often trade at a discount with respect to their focused counterparts. The literature has tried to explain the apparent misallocation of resources with lobbying activities or power struggles. We show that diversification can destroy value even when resources are efficiently allocated ex post. When managers derive utility from the funds under their purview, moving funds across divisions may diminish their incentives. The ex ante reduction in managerial incentives can more than offset the increase in firm value due to the ex post efficient reallocation of funds. This effect is robust to the introduction of monetary incentives. Moreover we show that asymmetries in size and growth prospects increase the diversification discount.     

Relationship between management ownership and firm value among the business group affiliated firms in Korea

In this paper, we revisit an old issue on the relation between management ownership and firm’s value. The Korean panel data on the business group firms, allows us to compute ownership right and control right separately for each business group affiliated firm. Our measures are different from the similar measures on the Korean firms as in Baek et al. (2004) or Joh (2003). Rather than confounding the two offsetting effects, this paper tests convergence of interest hypothesis and entrenchment hypothesis separately. Empirical findings show that, given control right, there is no clear-cut relation between firm value and the inside management ownership for most firms with the inside management ownership less than 42%, that there is a positive relation between firm value and the inside management ownership for those firms with the inside management ownership higher than 42%, and that, given ownership right, profitability decreases as control right increases.     

Ownership, institutions, and capital structure: Evidence from China

We employ a unique data set to explore the role of ownership structure and institutional development in debt financing of non-publicly traded Chinese firms. We show that state ownership is positively associated with leverage and firms’ access to long-term debt, while foreign ownership is negatively associated with all measures of leverage. Surprisingly, firms in better developed regions are associated with reduced access to long-term debt, suggesting the availability of alternative financing channels and the tightening of the lending standards under the on-going banking reform. The combination of ownership structures and institutions explains up to 6% of the total variation in firms’ leverage decisions, while firm characteristics alone explain no more than 8% of the variation. Further, we show that non-state-owned firms tend to have lower total and short-term debt than their state-owned counterparts in less developed regions. Finally, we show that state-owned firms’ easy access to long-term debt is positively associated with long-term investment and negatively associated with firm performance.     

Property rights protection and corporate R&D: Evidence from China

Following the recent literature on institutions and economic growth, we examine the effects of property rights protection on corporate R&D. Using a unique 2003 World Bank survey of over 2400 firms in 18 Chinese cities, we obtain the following findings: (1) property rights protection is positively and significantly related to corporate R&D activity (for both process and product R&D); (2) government services and helping hand are conducive to corporate R&D, while informal payments to government officials are not; and (3) government ownership of firms and direct appointment of CEOs are negatively associated with corporate R&D activities. We also find that corporate R&D is positively related to firm size, and access to finance, but negatively related to product market competition and firm age.     

Effects of regulatory burden and corruption on firm performance: Evidence from Moldova

Firms in Moldova face a high level of regulatory burden, as proxied by the number of inspections by public authorities. At the same time, they face high levels of corruption. We examine the effect of frequent inspections on four measures of firm performance: labour and total factor productivity, and levels of tangible and intangible assets. We also investigate how corruption affects the relationship between inspections and firm performance. We perform panel data analysis using firm-level administrative data and survey data from Moldova in 2005–2015. The results show that inspections and corruption each affect firm productivity negatively, but corruption moderates the negative effect of inspections. We also find that inspections and intangible assets are positively correlated, but this correlation is weaker for higher levels of corruption. Finally we examine whether these results differ by industry, firm size and ownership types. Inspections and corruption affect medium and large firms, and state-owned enterprises differently from micro and small firms and private firms respectively.     

Ownership dynamics and firm performance in an emerging economy: a meta-analysis of the Russian literature

This paper provides a meta-analysis of studies on the effect of ownership on the performance of Russian firms over 20 years of rapid institutional and economic changes. We review 29 studies extracted from the EconLit and Web of Science databases with a total of 877 relevant estimates. We find that the government negatively affects company performance regardless of its administrative level. In contrast, private ownership is positively associated with firm performance. However, the effect size and statistical significance are notably varied among different types of private ownership. While the effect of insider (employee and management) ownership is comparable to that of foreign investors, the effect of domestic outsider investors is considerably smaller. Our assessment of publication selection bias reveals that the existing literature does not contain genuine evidence for a series of ownership types and, therefore, some of the findings have certain limitations.     

Organisational form and the economic impacts of innovation: the case of patent grant announcements

This study investigates the impact of corporate diversification on the value creation of patent grants. We find that focussed firms experience significantly greater market reactions to patent announcements than diversified firms. Diversification into related industries has little effect on the wealth gains of granted patents, while diversification into unrelated industries significantly reduces the wealth gains. We further find that post-announcement operating performance is significantly associated with the degree of diversification. Overall, our findings suggest that the selection of diversification as a firm's organisational structure has a negative influence on the value creation of innovation, and this influence is exacerbated when this diversification involves unrelated industries.     

Executive compensation in government-linked companies: evidence from Malaysia

The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of executive pay, equity ownership incentives and pay–performance relationship in government-controlled firms. Data were hand-collected from the annual reports of 179 companies listed on Bursa Malaysia. The results show that executive pay is lower in government-linked companies. Positive pay–performance relationship is also not evident for this category of firms, which indicates that their executives were largely guaranteed with certain level of pay irrespective of performance. The level of equity ownership incentives provides the executives in government-controlled firms with very little incentive to produce effort that can improve firm performance. Overall, our findings are consistent with the inefficient pay hypothesis developed in this study.