基于投资溢出的研发联盟政府补贴政策研究

考虑研发存在投资溢出与技术风险,建立了合作研发博弈模型,研究了在政府研发投入补贴与产品补贴方式下,企业不同的研发和生产策略,通过理论和数值仿真,分析了不同补贴政策下的企业最优策略和相应的社会福利。研究表明,在溢出效应较大时,政府宜采用研发投入补贴来提高社会福利;当创新难度和技术风险较大时,政府宜采用产品补贴方式提高社会福利,但两种补贴方式都不能实现社会福利最大化。     

高校知识溢出对周边企业创新绩效的影响机制研究——基于地理邻近性的调节作用

借鉴知识溢出、创新绩效等相关理论,构建了高校知识溢出与企业创新绩效的关系模型,提出了高校知识溢出、企业吸收能力、地理邻近性和企业创新绩效的关系假设。采用问卷方式,对环同济知识经济圈内的企业进行了调查,并采用回归分析对假设进行了检验。实证结果表明,高校知识溢出对企业创新绩效有显著的正向作用,企业吸收能力在高校知识溢出与企业创新绩效间起部分中介作用,地理邻近性在高校知识溢出与企业创新绩效间起调节作用。     

高校知识溢出对周边企业创新绩效的影响机制研究

借鉴知识溢出、创新绩效等相关理论,构建了高校知识溢出与企业创新绩效的关系模型,提出了高校知识溢出、企业吸收能力、地理邻近性和企业创新绩效的关系假设。采用问卷方式,对环同济知识经济圈内的企业进行了调查,并采用回归分析对假设进行了检验。实证结果表明,高校知识溢出对企业创新绩效有显著的正向作用,企业吸收能力在高校知识溢出与企业创新绩效间起部分中介作用,地理邻近性在高校知识溢出与企业创新绩效间起调节作用。     

基于知识溢出的高技术集群企业R&D合作博弈分析

本文在AJ模型的基础上,构建了一个基于知识溢出的R&D合作博弈模型,并采用逆向归纳法求解,分别探讨了R&D合作、R&D投入合作与R&D非合作三种情况下显性知识溢出和隐性知识溢出对R&D产出的作用机理。研究结果表明,存在最优的溢出使得企业在R&D合作情况下的R&D水平、利润最大,若合作企业能积极地提高创新能力,企业也可能实现在R&D合作情况下的产量最大。     

溢出效应对竞争企业研发投资和政府补贴的影响

运用博弈论的方法研究溢出效应对竞争企业研发投资和政府补贴的影响,构建了不同情形下的博弈模型,研究表明:当溢出效应较弱时,合作研发下的政府补贴率最高,但企业更愿意选择集中式决策;当溢出效应中等时,企业的最优策略是合作研发并能够获得较高水平的政府补贴率;当溢出效应较强时,企业的最优策略是选择分散式决策,政府仍会为其设定最优补贴率。分散式决策与合作研发均能使研发投资、消费者剩余和社会福利维持在较高水平;集中式决策不仅会弱化企业的研发投资积极性,还会损害消费者剩余和社会福利。     

基于知识溢出效应的企业选址决策分析

本文研究基于知识溢出效应的企业选址问题.随着知识时代的来临,企业对区位因素的关注点从过去追求廉价的土地和劳动力等有形的生产要素转为对无形资源,特别是各种知识资源和创新条件的关注,知识溢出这个新的区位因子正逐渐构成企业空间竞争的新变量,成为企业选址的关键因素之一.以Hotelling模型为基础,引入知识溢出系数建立了企业选址与定价的两阶段博弈模型,分析了知识溢出和运输成本两个因素对企业选址的影响.经过对均衡解的分析,发现知识溢出对企业选址具有向心力,运输成本对企业选址具有离心力,两者的均衡决定了企业选址在集群中心还是选址在外围.     

网络外部性下基于投资溢出的企业合作研发博弈模型

本文建立了网络外部性环境下基于投资溢出的企业合作研发博弈模型,研究了企业合作研发策略,分析了网络外部性、兼容性以及投资溢出等对企业合作研发动机、企业利润和社会福利等的影响。研究表明,合作研发能提高企业利润和社会福利;兼容性较大或外部性较小时,提高产品外部性会增强企业合作研发意愿;提高兼容性或投资溢出则始终会增强企业合作研发意愿,提高企业利润和社会福利。因此,政府应鼓励企业生产高网络外部性和高兼容性的产品,并增强投资溢出效应,激励企业投入更多研发资源,提高企业利润和社会福利。     

知识员工流动、技术溢出与高技术产业聚集

文章构建了一个技术溢出模型,模型的重要因素是知识和创新都是累积性的,技术溢出主要通过知识员工的流动.通过模型分析了第一代创新和第二代创新的成功概率及其收益关系,企业为了分享技术溢出的好处,在选择企业区位时会尽力聚集在同一地区,聚集也有利于创新和产业利润的提高,同时商业秘密保护并不能阻止技术的溢出,特别是在高技术产业聚集区.     

高科技产业集群中知识溢出效应的模型分析

知识溢出是高科技产业集群中的一个突出现象,以高科技产业集群中企业衍生为例,对知识溢出、知识流失、企业研发以及知识获取等要素进行模型分析,结果表明,在高科技产业集群中,知识溢出的短期效应是企业出现知识溢出负外部性即企业知识流失,但是随着企业加大研发与学习的投入,将会出现知识溢出的长期效应即正外部性:产业集群中知识存量增加,每个企业都有机会获得和利用更多的外部知识,形成高科技产业集群技术升级的良性循环。     

市场换技术下内资企业技术能力的提升路径——基于溢出效应和吸收能力的分析

国际直接投资可在东道国产生溢出效应,包括行业内的竞争、示范效应,行业间的产业关联效应,以及人才流动效益.这些效应对东道国企业技术能力的形成和提升提供了一种路径选择,即选择、获取、吸收学习和改进国外技术,经过模仿、跟随进而达到创新或超越.然而,溢出效应不会自动产生,它在很大程度上取决于东道国企业的吸收能力.吸收能力又受企业自身的技术基础、学习、研发和行业内外资企业间能力差距的影响.在市场换技术的行业或地区,如果内资企业学习和研发强度大,行业内外资企业能力差距适中,外资的溢出效应就可能大,在此状态下,内资企业就可基于溢出效应和吸收能力加速其技术发展,反之,就会形成技术依赖甚至被逐出市场.汽车行业以民营企业为主体的自主开发企业与跨国公司主导的合资企业在技术能力提升上的巨大差异,对此提供了很好例证.     

Critical mass of users versus critical mass of services in a multiproduct information service system

In this paper we study the economic behaviour of the suppliers of a set of advanced telecommunications services with a joint adoption cost (common access facilities, learning process, etc.). In fixing the two-part tariffs for their services the suppliers have to share the burden of leaving to the users a surplus sufficient to cover the adoption cost. The lack of coordination in supplying a critical mass of services or in the pricing decisions has high changes to result in suboptimal or unviable diffusion of the new technology as a whole. We present a static optimization model of user behaviour, and derive access and usage demand with a two-part tariff and a joint adoption cost. We compare noncooperative and cooperative market equilibria in a duopoly with perfect information; finally we discuss the extension of our analysis to the case of imperfect information in a dynamic setting.     

Productivity Growth and Organizational Learning

A new specification of the sources of productivity growth is offered. Motivated by the lack of innovation and technology adoption in backward economies, a third channel of growth related to organizational structure, work ethics, and discipline in the production process (for simplicity called organizational learning) is suggested. The suggested specification generates new insights about the dominating source of growth during the development process: organizational learning in backward economies, technology adoption in middle‐income economies, and innovation in developed economies. This adds to the current understanding of development as a transition from technology adoption to innovation. Numerical simulations of the Thai catch‐up process since 1965 illustrate the importance of organizational learning. A counterfactual experiment shows how investments in secondary education contribute to the move from organizational learning to adoption of more advanced foreign technology.     

A percolation model of eco-innovation diffusion: The relationship between diffusion, learning economies and subsidies

An obstacle to the widespread adoption of environmentally friendly energy technologies such as stationary and mobile fuel cells is their high upfront costs. While much lower prices seem to be attainable in the future due to learning curve cost reductions that increase rapidly with the scale of diffusion of the technology, there is a chicken and egg problem, even when some consumers may be willing to pay more for green technologies. Drawing on recent percolation models of diffusion, we develop a network model of new technology diffusion that combines contagion among consumers with heterogeneity of agent characteristics. Agents adopt when the price falls below their random reservation price drawn from a lognormal distribution, but only when one of their neighbors has already adopted. Combining with a learning curve for the price as a function of the cumulative number of adopters, this may lead to delayed adoption for a certain range of initial conditions. Using agent-based simulations we explore when a limited subsidy policy can trigger diffusion that would otherwise not happen. The introduction of a subsidy policy seems to be highly effective for a given high initial price level only for learning economies in a certain range. Outside this range, the diffusion of a new technology either never takes off despite the subsidies, or the subsidies are unnecessary. Perhaps not coincidentally, this range seems to correspond to the values observed for many successful innovations.     

Learning from Neighbours

When payoffs from different actions are unknown, agents use their own past experience as well as the experience of their neighbours to guide their decision making. In this paper, we develop a general framework to study the relationship between the structure of these neighbourhoods and the process of social learning.
We show that, in a connected society, local learning ensures that all agents obtain the same payoffs in the long run. Thus, if actions have different payoffs, then all agents choose the same action, and social conformism obtains. We develop conditions on the distribution of prior beliefs, the structure of neighbourhoods and the informativeness of actions under which this action is optimal. In particular, we identify a property of neighbourhood structures—local independence—which greatly facilitates social learning. Simulations of the model generate spatial and temporal patterns of adoption that are consistent with empirical work.     

A dynamic decision-theoretic model of technology adoption for the competitive firm

In this article, the technology adoption problem of the competitive firm is revisited. The firm is assumed to allocate a quasi fixed factor between a traditional and a new technology. In the presence of costs of adjustment and learning, the adoption problem is formulated as an optimal control problem.     

中国股市与世界其他股市之间的大风险溢出效应:更正说明

《经济学季刊》2004年第3卷第3期第703—726页发表的洪永淼、成思危、刘艳辉、汪寿阳共同撰写的论文"中国股市与世界其他股市之间的大风险溢出效应"存在若干笔误,特作如下更正     

The welfare implications of advertising and extension under uncertainty

This paper specifies an adoption model based upon Bayesian learning and exogenous information generation. Formulae for welfare effects are derived and calibrated using Green Revolution agricultural data. The effects of intervention through the dissemination of new information are then estimated numerically. The simulations indicate that gains to intervention can be substantial. Intervening with slowly adopted marginal technologies is as beneficial as intervening with superior technologies. Taken from Shampine [Am. J. Agric. Econ. 2 (1998).], which examined intervention in the presence of learning externalities, the results suggest that if adoption is slow, and information is the primary constraint, the gains to intervention are generally substantial relative to the costs.     

Climate Policy,Learning, and Technology Adoption in Small Countries

A significant reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions requires international cooperation in emission abatement as well as individual countries’ investment in the adoption of abatement technology. The existing literature on climate policy pays insufficient attention to small countries, which account for a substantial proportion of global emission. In this study, we investigate how climate policy and learning about climate damage affect investment in abatement technology in small countries. We consider three alternative climate policy instruments: emission standards, harmonized taxes and auctioned permits. We say that learning is feasible if an international environmental agreement (IEA) is formed after the resolution of uncertainty about climate damage. We find that, either with learning and quadratic abatement costs or without learning, harmonized taxes outperform emission standards and auctioned permits in terms of investment efficiency. Without learning, a large cost of nonparticipation (that a country incurs) in the IEA can be beneficial to the country. Whether learning improves investment efficiency depends on the size of this nonparticipation cost.     

The Determinants Of The Adoption Of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

The paper investigates empirically the decision of firms to adopt ‘Advanced Manufacturing Technologies’ (AMT) based on a comprehensive specification of a ‘rank model’ of technology adoption using firm-level data for Swiss manufacturing. The explanatory variables include numerous dimensions of (anticipated) benefits from and costs of technology adoption allowing for uncertainty as well as for information and adjustment costs. Moreover, the effect of complementarities between various functional groups of AMT (design, fabrication, communication, etc.) as well as of learning from the use of previous technology vintages within such functional groups is analyzed, Finally, the size-dependence of the adoption decision is studied in detail. The model yields a quite robust pattern of explanation across estimates with different adoption variables (time period of introduction of AMT, intensity of use of AMT, etc.) with plausible differences of the results based on the alternative adoption measures used.     

Internationalization and environmentally-related organizational learning among Chinese manufacturers

Globalization has caused Chinese manufacturers to develop quickly while simultaneously meeting green barriers to export products. Whether internationalization has led to improved environmental management practices among Chinese manufacturers is also a related question. Using survey data collected from 377 Chinese manufacturers in four industrial sectors, we find that international institutional pressures positively relate to domestic environmentalism of Chinese manufacturers and their adoption of environmentally-related organizational learning practices. Environmental learning is a viable method for Chinese manufacturers to ease their environmental burdens by replicating environmental management practices of their foreign counterparts. On the policy side, the Chinese government should follow other developed countries efforts to deploy environmental regulations and policies, further motivating environmental awareness and responses in the manufacturing industry.