发达国家农业转基因生物安全监管及其启示

通过系统研究美国、欧盟和日本等发达国家和地区农业转基因生物安全监管的现状、特点及发展趋势,指出完善的管理法规、高效的行政监管体系、健全的技术支撑和公众监督机制是农业转基因生物安全监管的重要内容和关键环节,并由此提出进一步完善我国农业转基因生物安全监管的建议。     

美国生物农业技术发展管理与产业推广的新动向

美国是生物农业强国,在转基因农产品的生产和商业化方面一直处于世界领先地位。近年,特别是特朗普政府执政以来,为保持在全球生物农业技术领域的领先地位,联邦政府通过系列改革,扫清制度障碍,不断优化其高层协调机制和产业组织体系,激发转基因、基因编辑等前沿生物技术作为其现代农业发展的"推进器",为产业经济高效发展提供强劲动力。美国的生物农业政策新动向值得跟踪研究。     

美国保险监管制度对中国保险监管制度的启示

保险监管制度的发展是在保险市场发展的基础上产生的,发达的保险市场促进了美国保险监管制度的快速发展.宏观的经济环境、文化层面的非正规制约因素、风险防范调控能力以及完善的偿付能力监管体系等因素,共同构建了美国相对完善的保险监管制度,其对于中国保险监管制度无疑具有一定的借鉴价值和意义.     

美国保险监管制度对中国保险监管制度的启示

保险监管制度的发展是在保险市场发展的基础上产生的,发达的保险市场促进了美国保险监管制度的快速发展。宏观的经济环境、文化层面的非正规制约因素、风险防范调控能力以及完善的偿付能力监管体系等因素,共同构建了美国相对完善的保险监管制度,其对于中国保险监管制度无疑具有一定的借鉴价值和意义。     

发达国家食品安全监管体系及对中国的启示

一些发达国家或地区为了加强食品安全管理,建有食品安全预警机制、明确的监控机制、迅速有力的应急机制、全面配套的法律体系、科学健全的标准体系、严格及时的食品追溯与召回制度和食品安全的责任追究及惩罚制度。在分析美国、欧盟、加拿大、日本等发达国家食品安全监管体系的基础上,结合当前我国食品安全监管体系中存在的一些问题,提出：我国应当借鉴发达国家食品安全监管体系的成功经验,积极探索和建立一套适合中国国情的食品安全监管机制和法律制度。     

中外金融监管的比较与启示

金融业是一个特许经营的行业,美国的次贷危机表明,无限制的放松管制将会引发整个社会的动荡.金融自由化下,银行业的竞争将不断的加剧,相比于美国,中国监管体系仍然不成熟,由于政府过于谨慎的监管导致金融创新的抑制,然而金融自由化下的金融创新是必然的趋势,我们必须设计出一些机制来弥补看"不见的手的缺陷",来保证金融机构的稳健运行,以国家监管的机构、行业自律和社会监督的"三位一体"的安全体系来支撑.     

完善中国环境管理体制的探讨

文章针对中国环境管理体制中存在的问题,在借鉴国外其他国家环境管理体制改革的经验和进程的基础上,构建了新型环境管理体制。环境管理体制模式以统一监管机制、协调机制、综合决策机制、三元机制为运行机制,消除环境问题中的体制性障碍,实行垂直和扁平化管理相结合。环境管理体制的政策体系则是在管理体制模式基础上的包括法律法规、协调和协助制度、公众参与制度等一系列政策措施。     

美国银行监管体制改革方案及对我国的启示

2007年金融危机爆发前,美国银行体系实行双线多重的伞形监管模式,这种模式曾被认为是高效、完善、成熟的监管体制.但2007年爆发的美国次贷危机却暴露出该种银行监管体制存在的诸多问题和漏洞.2009年,美国政府总结教训,提出了一套对现行金融监管制度的改革方案,其中针对银行监管进行了大刀阔斧的改革,这对完善我国的银行监管体系具有重要的启示,我们应加强监管机构之间的协调,保护消费者的权益,加强银行监管的国际合作,促进银行业的健康稳定发展.     

从监管的角度论卖空机制的引入

中国证券市场监管主要是行政监管，而本来很重要的社会监管却没有发挥应有的作用，经分析认为，造成这一结果的主要原因是证券市场上缺乏能够激励一般投资者参与监管，让股票价格回归的机制——卖空。因此，本文作者认为要建立全方位的监管体系，引入卖空交易是我国证券市场发展的必然选择。     

美国金融危机中的监管竞争及其启示

美国金融危机暴露了微观审慎监管在保证整个金融体系稳健运行方面的不足,暴露了金融监管机构之间监管竞争过度、政策协调乏力、危机应对迟缓等问题。我国的金融管理体制与美国的监管体系有一定的相似性,在发展中逐渐形成了中央分业管理银行证券保险、地方管理小额贷款、融资性担保等个别业务的金融管理体制。文章分析美国监管竞争的形成机制,探讨不同监管模式下的监管竞争,阐述我国金融机构体制存在的问题,建议分步骤、分阶段实施金融监管改革措施。     

欧盟管理转基因产品经验及借鉴

本文主要从进口、流通、种植等方面介绍了欧盟对转基因产品的管理经验.在进口方面,欧盟强调对转基因产品的风险评估,并以此为基础进行入境审批.流通方面,欧盟通过贴注标识和取样抽检两种手段来管理转基因产品.种植方面,欧盟一方面实施种植许可审批制,另一方面重视转基因作物对非转基因作物及周边环境的影响.此外,在管理转基因微生物使用时,欧盟明确规定了使用环境中应具备的设施与防护措施等.本文还注意到食品、饲料快速预警系统(RASFF)对欧盟处理转基因产品引发的突发事件时所起到的关键作用.在总结上述经验的基础上,本文提出欧盟经验对我国转基因产品的借鉴之处     

中国大豆生产和贸易

This paper provides an overview of the economic analysis, policy debate, and methodological issues on soybean production, import and export, and impacts of GMO regulation on soybean foreign trade of China. The paper analyzes China's soybean production capability and discovers that the present yield of China's soybean plant system cannot satisfy the domestic demand. The paper also provides the method to solve such matters by using the result of a modified Cobb-Douglas model. In the third section of this paper, the impacts of GMO regulation on soybean trade and market in China are analyzed. In this section, we provide a methodological issue to analyze the impacts of such regulation on trade. The paper then explains the implicated result induced by such regulations.     

The nurse as professnocrat

One of the greatest difficulties in being a nurse in the 1990s is maintaining excellent care in the face of economic constraints. This article explores how organizations (including hospitals), which originated as bureaucracies, need to change their format. Nurses can have great impact on organizations as they serve as "Professnocrats" who understand that professional goals and bureaucratic goals can be integrated in health care organizations of the future.     

Une comparaison entre divers établissements de services de première ligne en santé au Québec (Canada)

This paper presents an empirical and comparative investigation of four types of organizations providing primary health care services: private clinics, community centres, health coops and community associations. Case studies were done following a common design for data collecting and analysis, taking into account the organizations' context of creation, their institutional dimension (structure of power and political system), their organizational dimension (co-ordination and production of health care), and their main paths of development. Results show that organizations present many differences when it comes to delivering universal, accessible, and complete health care services. Non-profit organizations offer more promising perspectives for patients and health care workers by encouraging them to participate in their management. Health coops' openness depends on their nature: while consumer coops encourage patient participation, producer coops allow employees to make decisions. In this sense, patients and employees in collective health care organizations seem to have more political advantages than in private organizations.     

Climate game analyses for CO2 emission trading among various world organizations

This paper simulates the saving in terms of the total abatement cost of CO₂ emission reductions for different trading games reflecting the potential cooperation among organizations including the European Union (EU), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries, the Union of South American Nations (USAN), and the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC). A game approach is conducted to determine if the cooperation will come into existence among the organizations stated above. A similar idea is applied to the four largest emission countries, China, the United States, Russia, and India, as four individual players in the trading game.Joining the market is the strictly dominant strategy for any organization from the results. The Nash equilibrium shows that, regardless of the organizations that have already existed in the market, joining the market is always the best policy for the remaining organizations which are currently not in the market. Similarly, India likes the organization to which it belongs, i.e. IOR-ARC, to trade with the EU and APEC, and the U.S. wants the organization to which it belongs, i.e., APEC, to cooperate with the organizations USAN and IOR-ARC. However, China and Russia prefer trading with other countries within their own organizations.     

Real-time decentralized information processing and returns to scale

We use a model of real-time decentralized information processing to understand how constraints on human information processing affect the returns to scale of organizations. We identify three informational (dis)economies of scale: diversification of heterogeneous risks (positive), sharing of information and of costs (positive), and crowding out of recent information due to information processing delay (negative). Because decision rules are endogenous, delay does not inexorably lead to decreasing returns to scale. However, returns are more likely to be decreasing when computation constraints, rather than sampling costs, limit the information upon which decisions are conditioned. The results illustrate how information processing constraints together with the requirement of informational integration cause a breakdown of the replication arguments that have been used to establish nondecreasing technological returns to scale. November 24, 1999; revised version: March 14, 2000     

Rackets, regulation, and the rule of law

Governments that levy predatory regulation and provide few weaklegal institutions draw businesses into the unofficial economyand compel them to hire private protection organizations. Basedon a survey of shopkeepers in three cities in Russia, we findthat retail shops face very high levels of predatory regulationand have frequent contacts with private protection rackets.In addition, we show that higher levels of regulation are associatedwith weaker legal institutions and a higher probability of contactwith a private protection organization. We also find that shopkeepersview private protection organizations primarily as a substitutefor state-provided police protection and state-provided courts.These results emphasize the importance of public sector reformas a component of economic transition.     

Physical appearance and earnings: further evidence

The literature contains numerous studies on earnings differentials based on age, race, and gender. Comparatively few studies have examined differences in labour market success related to physical appearance. Using three waves of data collected at two organizations, this paper tested for earnings differentials among workers based on their self-reported appearance. Significant earnings premiums for attractiveness were found for women, but not for men.     

The institutions of international treaty organizations as evidence for social contract theory

Treaty organizations are formed via voluntary contracts among national governments that address policy issues of mutual concern. As such, treaty organizations provide evidence about the kinds of institutions that might be adopted via social contract. This paper develops a theory of the design of treaty organizations and examines the domains of authority and decision-making procedures of 22 treaty organizations to determine if any general traits are in evidence. It turns out that most treaty organizations rely upon unanimity or supermajorities for their major decisions and usually have quite narrow (bounded) policy domains.     

论民间组织的三维社会空间:实体、社会心理和虚拟网络

民间组织的社会空间存在实体、社会心理和虚拟网络三个维度。文章认为,在政府主导的强国家、弱社会传统体制迈向主要由国家、市场、社会构成的多元现代社会管理体制的过程中,往往是显性的民间社会组织的实体和制度空间受到关注,而对社会心理空间和虚拟网络空间及二者与实体制度空间的整合与平衡没有给予足够的重视,从而使得国家面临在自上而下层层传导中执行力下降、政策效能降低,体制认同递次减弱等多方压力。因此,一个良好的社会空间,需要调整国家—社会关系,实现实体制度、社会心理和虚拟网络等三个维度的对接、融合和集成。