浅谈企业成本管理中的问题及其对策

一、企业成本管理中存在的问题 当前,企业成本管理中普遍存在看成本意识淡化,成本管理弱化,成本行为软化的“三化”现象,致使成本失控日益严重,成本水平居高不下,严重制约着企业效益的提高影响企业的发展。究其原因,主要是企业在“谁来管”、“管什么”、“怎么管”这三个基本问题上陷入了误区,造成管理上的认识偏差与行为偏差。     

加强质量成本管理的新思路

质量成本管理是质量管理与成本管理相结合而形成的一种新型管理体系,是经济与技术、质量与成本在管理上溶为一体的一种全新的成本管理方法。现代企业加强质量成本管理,必须关注“三个结合”,即“合理质量”与“低质量成本”相结合、系统管理与质量成本管理相结合、生产过程质量成本管理与战略质量成本管理相结合。     

全方位广角度深化项目责任成本管理

文章重点阐述了企业要转变经济发展方式,正确处理规模与效益的关系．加大责任成本管理力度,深化责任成本管理改革,实现“算成本”与“管成本”有机结合．强调要全方位广角度深化项目责任成本管理,推进成本管理创新,寻找施工企业的经济增长途径.     

论现代企业大成本管理与控制

随着我国加入WTO和市场经济的快速发展，我国的企业开始直接面对众多国际化的现代企业，市场竞争日趋激烈，传统的成本管理与控制理念已不能适应现代企业成本管理与控制的需要，而应立足于“大成本管理与控制理念”，加强企业内部各个环节、各部门全员、全过程的成本管理与控制，树立新的“大成本”管理理念，是解决企业成本管理不到位、不全面的有效手段，笔者就现代企业大成本管理与控制方面谈一些看法，供大家参考。     

基于业务流程的制造企业知识链模型研究

制造企业希望通过实施知识管理提高企业的知识共享与知识创新能力,然而结果并不理想,究其原因是知识管理的宽泛及与企业业务流程脱钩。为了制造企业能合理有效地管理知识资源,构建了基于业务流程的制造企业知识链模型,模型由知识活动、支撑要素、驱动要素和反馈机制四部分构成。知识链模型的构建为制造企业实施知识管理提供了理论模型。     

核心能力的构建：知识价值链模型

本文在已有研究理论的基础上，构建描述性的知识管理理论框架——知识价值链模型，把企业的知识管理基本活动与辅助活动结合起来，把知识管理活动同传统的企业管理活动结合起来，通过“链”的联结来描述有价值的知识活动与企业持续的竞争优势之间的关系，使之成为帮助企．业培养核心能力、制定知识管理战略、分析知识管理状况的分析工具。     

西方企业的“智能”管理特点分析

西方现代管理理论发展的新趋势是“智能管理”。在知识企业的“智能管理”方式中 ,一是更多地强调与“智能人才”的“合作”精神 ;二是更突出企业的知识管理特色 ;三是充分利用企业内部的管理信息网络 ,实现信息沟通、相互了解 ;四是更加重视“智能资源”的培养和争夺     

知识经济时代企业成本的核算与管理创新

在知识经济时代,知识成为最主要的生产要素,知识成本构成企业产品成本的一个重要组成部分。产品成本结构发生变化,客观上要求成本核算与管理的内容与方法应有所创新。智力资产的计价、知识成本的核算以及与知识管理相适应的成本管理新视角成为这一时代企业不容忽视的问题。     

企业成本管理的误区及对策

当前，企业成本管理中普遍存在着成本意识淡化。成本管理弱化，成本行为软化的“三化”现象，致使成本失控日益严重，成本水平居高不下，严重制约着企业效益的提高影响企业的发展。究其原因，主要是企业在“谁来管”、“管什么”、“怎么管”这三个基本问题上陷入了误区，造成管理上的认识偏差与行为偏差。     

企业人力资源管理中“人”与“技术”的配置平衡

企业知识管理中“人”与“技术”的平衡。平衡“技术”与“人”的因素，选择有效的知识管理策略，已经成为当前企业实施知识管理战略的紧迫问题。     

Privatization of state holding corporations

Many countries have privatized part of their state holding corporations in recent years. However, the literature on this issue has analyzed mainly the privatization of uniproduct public firms. We consider a state holding corporation with two plants that may produce complement or substitute goods. Assuming that private firms are more efficient than the state holding corporation we find the following: If the marginal cost of the state corporation is low, it is not privatized either if goods are substitutes or if they are complements. However, if the marginal cost of the state corporation is high the two plants of the state holding corporation are sold to a single private investor if goods are complements, and to different investors if goods are substitutes. If goods are close substitutes and the marginal cost of the state corporation takes an intermediate value only one plant is privatized. We extend the model to consider that firms are equally efficient, that they face quadratic cost functions and that there are n uniplant private firms producing each good. We find two differences with the previous result: The government never privatizes just one plant of the state corporation, and when goods are complements the two plants of the state corporation are sold to different investors if n is high.     

A Model of Endogenous Nontradability and its Implications for the Current Account*

This paper studies how nontraded goods limit the ability of a country to finance current account deficits. It uses an intertemporal model of the current account for a small open economy where goods are endogenously nontraded due to explicit trade costs. The economy has an endowment of two goods with differing trade costs, either of which can be traded or nontraded in equilibrium. The model implies that current account deficits impose a cost, in the form of raising the effective interest rate in the country. The findings differ from some recent studies: first, in that the interest rate rises even for countries with modest current account deficits; secondly, the interest rate cost eventually reaches an upper bound as current account deficits grow, and progressively more nontraded goods become traded to service the debt. Panel regression analysis of interest rate and current account data is consistent with our conclusions.     

PRIVATE PROVISION OF PUBLIC GOODS AND INFORMATION DIFFUSION IN SOCIAL GROUPS

I describe a dynamic model of costly information sharing where private information affecting collective‐value actions is transmitted by social proximity. Individuals make voluntary contributions toward the provision of a pure public good, and information transmission about quality of provision is a necessary condition for collective provision to take place in a stationary equilibrium. I show that unlike in the case of private goods, better informed individuals face positive incentives to incur a cost to share information with their neighbors and that these incentives are stronger and provision of the pure public good greater the smaller are individuals' social neighborhoods.     

International Provision of Trade Services, Trade, and Fragmentation

This paper examines the special role that trade liberalization in service industries can play in stimulating not only trade in services but also in goods. International trade in goods requires inputs from several services industries (trade services, such as transportation, insurance, and finance) in order to complete and facilitate international transactions. Restriction on the ability of national service providers to provide these services across borders and within foreign countries creates additional costs and barriers to international trade above those that would arise in otherwise comparable intranational exchange. As a result, trade liberalization in services can yield benefits, by facilitating trade in goods, that are larger than one might expect from analysis of the services trade alone. This paper explores this idea using simple theoretical models to specify the relationships between services trade and goods trade. The paper also notes the role of services trade in a model of international industrial fragmentation, where production processes can be separated across locations but at some cost in terms of additional service inputs. The incentives for such fragmentation can be larger across countries than within countries, owing to the greater differences in factor prices and technologies available. However, the service costs of international fragmentation can also be larger, especially if regulations and restrictions impede the international provision of services. As a result, trade liberalization in services can also stimulate fragmentation of production of both goods and services, thus increasing international trade and the gains from trade even further.     

Dispersed consumption versus compressed output: Assessing the sectoral effects of a pandemic

I process credit-card consumption data through an input–output model of sectoral linkages to impute the sector-level output responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. The sector-level consumption responses are highly dispersed and even positive for some. Yet, all sectors suffer from output losses. Production of intermediate goods stabilises output. Consequently, the sectoral dispersion of final consumption is higher than the sectoral dispersion of output produced. Sectors that provide intermediate goods are affected less by the pandemic. Many service sectors face the largest losses in output since they depend the most on final consumption.     

The cost of capital,asset prices,and the effects of monetary policy

The primary objective of this paper is to study the interaction between monetary policy, asset prices, and the cost of capital. In particular, we explore this issue in a setting where individuals face idiosyncratic risk. Incomplete information also provides a transactions role for money so that monetary policy can be studied. In contrast to standard monetary growth models which focus on the transmission of monetary policy to the demand for capital goods, we incorporate a separate capital goods sector so that the supply response to monetary policy is taken into account. Consequently, in contrast to the standard monetary growth model, monetary policy plays an important role in investment activity through the relative price of capital goods. Moreover, different sources of productivity can affect the degree of risk sharing. Although the optimal money growth rate falls in response to an increase in productivity in either sector of the economy, monetary policy should react more aggressively to the level of productivity in the capital sector.     

THE GENDER PAY GAP UNDER DUOPSONY: JOAN ROBINSON MEETS HAROLD HOTELLING

This paper presents an alternative explanation of the gender pay gap resting on a simple Hotelling-style duopsony model of the labour market. Since there are only two employers, equally productive women and men have to commute and face travel cost to do so. We assume that some women have higher travel cost, e.g., due to more domestic responsibilities. Employers exploit that women on average are less inclined to commute and offer lower wages to all women. Since women's firm-level labour supply is for this reason less wage-elastic, this model is in line with Robinson's explanation of wage discrimination.     

Legal Institutions, Sectoral Heterogeneity, and Economic Development

Poor countries have lower PPP-adjusted investment rates and face higher relative prices of investment goods. It has been suggested that this happens either because these countries have a relatively lower TFP in industries producing capital goods or because they are subject to greater investment distortions. This paper provides a micro-foundation for the cross-country dispersion in investment distortions. We first document that firms producing capital goods face a higher level of idiosyncratic risk than their counterparts producing consumption goods. In a model of capital accumulation where the protection of investors' rights is incomplete, this difference in risk induces a wedge between the returns on investment in the two sectors. The wedge is bigger, the poorer the investor protection. In turn, this implies that countries endowed with weaker institutions face higher relative prices of investment goods, invest a lower fraction of their income, and end up being poorer. We find that our mechanism may be quantitatively important.     

服务贸易的货物贸易条件效应研究——基于伯格斯模型的分析与扩展

文章基于伯格斯模型,分析检验了服务贸易的净进口与我国货物价格贸易条件恶化之间的关系,初步证明了该模型在我国的适用性。进一步地,文章对2004-2008年我国价格贸易条件恶化有所趋缓这一特征进行了分析。结果表明,不同服务部门的净进口对我国货物贸易条件的影响不尽相同。文章得出的政策启示在于:当考察我国服务业开放和服务贸易自由化的收益时,要同时注意到货物价格贸易条件恶化可能带来的福利损失;我国在制定服务业对外开放与服务贸易自由化发展战略时,采取逐步开放和参与的战略尤为重要;另外,可以优先加强对通信、建筑、计算机和信息服务、咨询以及电影音像五大类服务部门的扶持以促进其出口。     

The case against eliminating large denomination bills

When large denomination bills are preferred in illegal activities, what is the optimal policy response? We construct a dual currency model where illegal activity can be reduced by modifying the payment environment. In our model, legal (goods) traders are indifferent between small and large bills, but illegal (goods) traders face a lower transaction cost of using large bills in comparison to small bills because it is easier to conceal. We show that eliminating large bills can reduce illegal trade and its associated social cost. However, this pooling equilibrium is sub-optimal because the government can collect more seigniorage by allowing illegal traders to use large bills with a lower rate of return. When the transaction cost of using small bills for illegal traders is sufficiently large, a separating equilibrium, where legal traders use small bills and illegal traders use large bills, can maximize welfare by making an implicit transfer from the illegal traders to the legal traders.