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1.
21世纪城市化步伐不断加快,大城市、特大城市以及城市群陆续建立,促进了经济的增长,完善了城市的功能与体系.而城市扩建、改建工程侵占了大量的近郊土地,破坏了原来相对稳定的自然生态系统,削弱了城市近郊生态系统的生态环境功能.城市热岛效应更显突出,生态环境逐渐恶化,自然灾害频频发生,严重的威胁着城市的可持续发展.本文在分析城市化背景下城市外围生态环境恶化的情况下,结合衡阳市的生态环境特点,以及城市化大环境下其外围生态环境的变化情况与趋势,提出一系列实现城市地域可持续发展的措施.  相似文献   

2.
城市化进程中的热岛效应问题及对策   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
我国进入工业化、城市化加速发展的新时期,环境危机日益突出。城市热岛效应作为地区环境问题中最为突出的现象之一,使传统城市发展模式走向了困境。解决环境问题和城市化之间矛盾的途径,则是城市可持续发展模式。本文以城市可持续发展为目标,给出了城市化及应对城市热岛效应的对策建议。  相似文献   

3.
利用1915~2012年呼和浩特市气温观测资料的年平均气温、冬季平均气温,分析了呼和浩特市城市热岛效应的年变化特征、季节变化特征,发现呼和浩特市热岛效应有逐年增强的趋势,升幅为0.13℃/10a,城市建设导致自然下垫面结构的改变是热岛效应增加的主要原因.结合呼和浩特实际情况,提出了缓解呼和浩特城市热岛效应的措施.  相似文献   

4.
城区森林往往被称为城市的“绿肺”,对改善城市生态环境、缓解城市热岛效应具有重要的作用。不仅如此,对旅游城市而言,城区森林还是一种重要的旅游资源,对城市旅游发挥着重要的作用。本文界定了城区森林的含义,分析了城区森林在旅游城市中的功能与作用,并以世界旅游名城桂林市为例,探讨了城区森林的经营措施,包括:开展城区森林布局总体规划,实行城区森林分类经营;做好城区造林设计,使森林的防护功能与观赏游憩价值统一;采取各种措施增加城区森林覆盖,充分发挥森林的防护功能;采取近自然的森林配置模式,丰富城区森林的生物多样性;加强森林抚育管理,建设城区高效林业。  相似文献   

5.
选取城市发展规模要素的指标,运用相关分析法,系统分析楚雄市1990~2009年期间城市规模的发展对其城市热岛强度的影响关系,发现建成区面积、非农业人口与城市热岛效应关系密切。再采用加权综合评价法计算城市发展规模综合指数,建立楚雄市城市发展规模与城市热岛强度的变化趋势图,发现近年来楚雄年热岛强度随着城市规模的发展逐年上升,建议通过树立新的城市发展观、搞好城市生态规划等几个方面来进一步改善楚雄"城市热岛效应"的负面影响。  相似文献   

6.
关于生态城市建设的思考   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
生态城市建设是实现社会经济与资源环境良性循环、协调持续发展的一种有效组织形式.本文简要介绍了生态城市的概念,指出了生态城市建设的重大意义,最后提出了在生态城市建设过程中要注意的一些问题.  相似文献   

7.
对建筑物所处环境及建筑物本身进行绿化可降低建筑物周围微环境的温度、提高空气相对湿度,改善空气品质,降低噪音危害,从而延长建筑物通过自然通风降温的时间,改善室内空气品质,降低建筑物能耗,减轻"城市热岛效应".  相似文献   

8.
一个地区金融生态环境的好坏不仅影响地区货币政策传导、资源配置效率、金融稳定发展,而且决定着该地区对经济金融资源的吸引力,并最终决定区域经济增长的可持续性。文章具体阐述了金融生态对于区域经济的影响作用,分析了目前区域金融生态建设中存在的问题,并提出完善区域金融生态的各项具体措施。  相似文献   

9.
叶安珊 《经济视角》2006,(10):61-62
新农村规划是一个系统工程,包括的内容很多,但最主要的是生态人居规划、生态工程规划和生态环境管理规划,脱离了这些,就违背了新农村建设的本意。因此,探讨我国新农村规划体系的基本框架和生态环境保护措施的思路,十分重要。一、生态环境规划是新农村战略规划的重要内涵中国是一个农村人口占多数的大国,农民收入较低,农村生态环境退化问题严重,制约着农村区域发展和农民脱贫致富。中央做出建设社会主义新农村的决策,将改变中国农村,也将改变中国未来。搞好新农村建设,科学规划是前提。在规划中,一定要编制好新农村环境规划,探索解决农村生态…  相似文献   

10.
随着环境的恶化与能耗的加剧,基于节能环保的生态理念越来越受到人们的重视,而且很多行业都在积极响应,为实现可持续发展之战略目标做出贡献.本文主要研究在建筑室内设计中生态理念的运用,以此来为相关的设计人员提供借鉴.  相似文献   

11.
John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.  相似文献   

12.
Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?  相似文献   

13.
This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.  相似文献   

15.
中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长  相似文献   

16.
In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.  相似文献   

17.
18.
Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.  相似文献   

19.
Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.  相似文献   

20.
Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”  相似文献   

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