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1.
科技政策是当今世界各国政府公共政策的重要组成部分。自第二次世界大战后在国家政府政策体系中确立地位以来,科技政策本身随世界形势与格局的变化经历了多个发展阶段:从认识到科技发展的必要性和紧迫性,到以军事科技领域为主的基础研究,再到以产业技术开发为重点的发展阶段,发展为今天创新政策是科技政策的战略重点。相应的,科技政策研究的理论、方法、对象和范围也在不断发展变化。展望未来,科技政策研究的理论基础在不断变化,基于事实的科技政策研究将成为重要发展方向,科技政策研究的分析方法、工具与系统平台不断丰富,科技政策研究将更加注重重点科技领域面向未来的战略决策研究。  相似文献   

2.
    
In the recent interest for the so-called entrepreneurial university, there is a strong emphasis on academic (i.e. theoretical) knowledge to be used more effectively as a source of innovation and renewal in industry. Drawing on a theoretical framework developed by the literature theorist Mikhail Bakhtin and a study of 10 research centres in a major technical university, this paper suggests that rather than representing something radically new, the entrepreneurial university is a domain wherein traditional academic research interests and industry objectives are continuously negotiated and mutually adjusted. Seen in this view, the entrepreneurial university is what is always in a process of becoming, in flux and change, continuously under the influence of opposing and complementary goals and objectives. Therefore, the entrepreneurial university is not a solid state or an entrenched position but the effect of an attitude towards the role and purpose of the university in the so-called knowledge society.  相似文献   

3.
This paper presents and evaluates Don Lescohier's contribution to labor economics, and specifically to labor market policy. Lescohier, a prominent member of the Wisconsin Institutional School, put the labor market in the center of his investigations and tried to examine many of the factors that determine its efficient functioning, differentiating his study from the labor studies that focused on the individual — mainly union — worker. His analysis was essentially influenced by the progressive political climate of his time, the heterodox thought of some \"non-Marshallian\" British economists like Beveridge, and the newly emergent field of personnel management. Lescohier ardently proposed the creation of a federal-state centralized system of employment offices, which would undertake the difficult task of organizing the American labor market after the end of World War I. His work constituted both an interesting and significant case study, and thus deserves a higher position in the history of labor economics.  相似文献   

4.
本文通过资料分析和研究,重点介绍和评述法国加强政府对科学技术在协调发展中的保障职能作用、科学技术在协调社会发展中的作用、科学技术在协调农业发展方面的作用、科技奖励在协调社会和谐发展中发挥的作用、科技基础研究成为支撑和协调经济社会发展的有力保障等五个方面的有关情况,并提出值得我国借鉴和学习的主要经验。  相似文献   

5.
二战后至70年代为经济高速增长时期,日本形成政府护航,企业投入为主的科技投入模式。20世纪70至90年代的日元大幅升值,使得这种模式受到冲击,为此,日本政府对科技投入进行了一些调整。本文主要对日元升值后日本科技投入的变化进行了分析和总结。  相似文献   

6.
For two decades following World War II, Sweden and Norway diverged markedly concerning domestic migration and urbanization. While the Swedes encouraged migration from economically weak rural districts to more prosperous urban areas, Norway worked to deter migration from its weakest region and retard the growth of its largest cities, including Oslo. This paper highlights economic foundations for those divergent policies, focusing on historical circumstances, conventional thought, and eminent economists. The discussion applies today as nations ponder the possibility of less centralized urban networks.  相似文献   

7.
越来越多的实证数据显示,中国科研发表的被引频次正在迅速上升。不同的解释相继提出。本研究探讨了另一种可能性———中国研究的被引频次激增是否存在“俱乐部效应”,②即高影响力的中国科研论文会有更高的内部援引率。以纳米技术这一交叉新兴领域作为研究素材,我们发现中国高被引论文在个体、科研机构以及国家三个层次上较大比例的引用来源于内部网络。描述性和统计检验表明,与美国同类论文相比,中国高被引论文的内部引用更为显著。文末就该“俱乐部现象”进行了诠释并提出相关政策建议。  相似文献   

8.
就业压力下的技术政策选择   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
技术进步具有多种功能,既可以对就业产生严重冲击,也可以产生”第二次就业效应“、”补偿就业效应“、”关联就业效应“.我国的就业问题只能立足于国内解决。应当在适应世界科技进步潮流这个前提下考虑技术进步对就业的可能影响,选择适当的技术政策。  相似文献   

9.
创新政策是自主创新战略顺利实施的重要保障。综合分析了我国创新政策目前存在的问题,并且指出创新政策研究和创新政策管理中存在的问题是导致这些问题的主要原因。国外创新政策研究方法、管理体系、监督机制与我国有较大的差异,对其进行了详细介绍和系统分析。最后建议从完善创新政策理论基础、建立创新政策研究方法体系、构建创新政策综合管理体系、优化创新政策制定实施过程的管理机制4方面提高我国创新政策的水平。  相似文献   

10.
    
This article analyzes the career and contributions of Roy Blough (1901–2000) as a case study of Wisconsin institutionalism in government policy-making at midcentury. As a faculty member at Cincinnati, Chicago and Columbia, editor of the National Tax Journal, director of the research division of the U.S. Treasury and member of the Council of Economic Advisors, Blough played a significant role in the development of fiscal policy. The article also considers Blough’s contributions to tax policy and his views on Keynesian public finance. It further identifies the contributions of Wisconsin institutionalism to modern fiscal policy.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

By examining the rhetorical use of an old piece of economic theory by some contemporary economists, this paper intends to report on “how today's economists conduct a public policy debate”. This paper is neither a scholarly history of the interwar debate nor a sophisticated critique of current economic policy. It is an attempt to link the policy and theoretical arguments of two similar debates separated by nearly 80 years. The second part of the paper demonstrates that the (un-)expected return of the Treasury View is a case study illustrating two very different modelling strategies.  相似文献   

12.
生育政策对人口发展具有先导性、递延性,生育政策通过调控出生人口,渐次影响人口发展全局。须在科学预判人口发展趋势的基础上,不同时期制定不同导向的生育政策。通过测算表明,放开\"双独\"、\"单独\"、\"全面二孩\"等生育政策,分别有占总人口4.1%、18.8%、24.0%的人群获益。应遵循\"公平性、时机性、渐进性、均衡性\"的原则,逐步完善生育政策。  相似文献   

13.
发展中国家技术引进与自主创新的关系   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
本文从韩国与巴西的经济发展历程出发 ,对比了两国在不同的环境条件下 ,政府不同的发展思路及采取的对策 ,以及由之造成的不同结果。通过这一对比 ,表明发展中国家在经济起飞过程中 ,政府首先要处理好引进技术与自主创新的关系 ,推动研究开发与生产经营的结合。同时 ,企业也要通过组织学习 ,获取技术知识 ,提高技术实力 ,增强国际竞争力。  相似文献   

14.
2009年,印度科技在金融危机与气候变化双重压力与挑战下稳步发展,研发投入、能力建设、科技政策、科技产业等方面均有新进展、新成就。本文简要综述了印度2009年科技发展的总体情况。  相似文献   

15.
梳理研究了福建造福工程政策的演变历程,根据造福工程政策的特点,该工程大致可以分为四个阶段:酝酿阶段、起步阶段、稳步阶段、跨越阶段。在分析了各阶段政策特征后,指出了造福工程存在问题,并对造福工程政策改进方向进行了阐述。  相似文献   

16.
汪涛  安暄 《技术经济》2011,30(5):10-14
针对当前国内政策文本所包含信息的非量化导致具有操作性的政策分类标准缺乏的现状,借鉴扎根理论的"信息提取-归纳-概念化-重组"思想,在对改革开放以来国家各层面科技政策文本研读、对其结构梳理的基础上,提取科技政策的重要特征参数,确定政策文本编码和分类标准,并将1996—2007年北京市的科技政策文本转化为半结构化数据,进行类定量化分析。  相似文献   

17.
    
Japan faces significant challenges in encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship. Attempts to formally model past industrial policy interventions uniformly uncover little, if any, positive impact on productivity, growth, or welfare. The evidence indicates that most resource flows went to large, politically influential “backwards” sectors, suggesting that political economy considerations may be central to the apparent ineffectiveness of Japanese industrial policy. Rather than traditional industrial or science and technology policy, financial and labor market reforms appear more promising. As a group, Japan's industrial firms are competitive relative to their foreign counterparts. Where Japan falls behind is in the heavily regulated service sector. The problems appear to be due less to a lack of industrial policy than to an excess of regulation. Japan may have more to gain through restructuring the lagging service sector than by expending resources in pursuit of marginal gains in the industrial sector.  相似文献   

18.
文章基于当前技术哲学政策转向的趋势以及创造力在科学技术进步中扮演的重要角色,对创造力本身蕴含的主体性、开放性、多元性等特性进行分析,对当前不同科学技术领域中对创造力最近的研究成果进行了梳理,阐明了当前创造力在促进科技进步以及科技政策转向中的现状,通过采用文献研究法、理论分析法、逻辑推理法等相关的研究方法,对创造力在技术哲学中的本质含义进行了考量,进一步提出创造在当前和未来的技术政策中所潜藏的哲学意蕴。在对创造力哲学本质进行追本溯源的过程中,进一步发现创造力的发展涉及到人之为人的本性,反映出人类未来应当慎重发展创造力并将必要的伦理规约以及相应的科技管理政策贯穿于创造力的培养及应用之中,从而在对创造力进行研究的过程中取得对人类自身发展有益的成果,而不是危及人类自身。  相似文献   

19.
新技术社会学于20世纪80年代在欧美诞生。这一理论认为技术是社会型塑(socialshapingoftechnology,简称SST)的。介绍了3种主要研究进路,即技术的社会建构方法、技术系统方法、行为者网络方法及其在案例研究中的具体应用。  相似文献   

20.
阐述了政策诱致下的农业技术进步原理,政策的诱致作用可以缩短技术进步的时间,短期内完成技术替代,并构建了政策诱致发展模型。采用C-D生产函数法对农业科技贡献率进行测定,得到含有政策变量条件下的农业科技贡献率。研究得出,设施大棚政策实施效果好,有效的政策措施或体制安排对农业科技进步具有积极作用,且具有较高的促进效率。  相似文献   

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