西部矿业开发应对WTO挑战的研究

根据我国矿产资源面临的供需矛盾和西部矿业开发态势,提出了西部矿业应对WTO严峻挑战的开发战略。西部地区矿业开发应充分利用“两种资源、两个市场”,由资源导向转向市场导向的开发战略;应着手建立全球矿产资源供应体系,实行双向式的发展战略,从国际市场和国内市场的分工中重新定位;在矿产品贸易方面要进行经济战略及结构调整,改变过去以“低出养高进”的模式,要执行以“高出养低进”的矿产品外贸的战略方针;认真实施科技兴矿战略,加大我国矿业企业产品的高科技含量;加大矿业资本市场的引资、融资力度,调整矿业资本输入和输出的适当比例关系。     

Distributional Consequences of Commodity Price Shocks: Australia Over A Century

This paper studies the distributional impact of commodity price shocks over the short and the very long run. Using a GARCH model, we find that Australia experienced more volatility than many commodity exporting developing countries over the periods 1865–1940 and 1960–2008. We conduct cointegration tests to assess the commodity price shock inequality nexus. A single equation error correction model suggests that commodity price shocks increase the income share of the top 1, 0.05, and 0.01 percent in the short run. The very top end of the income distribution benefits from commodity booms disproportionately more than the rest of the society. The short run effect is mainly driven by wool and mining and not agricultural commodities. A sustained increase in the price of renewables (wool) reduces inequality whereas the same for non‐renewable resources (minerals) increases inequality. We expect that the initial distribution of land and mineral resources explains the asymmetric result.     

Reserve characteristics and mining costs An empirical study of the phosphate industry

This paper deals with an estimation of phosphate mining cost function. Here, it is argued that other characteristics of reserves, besides their size, could be quite important in the cost function. The result of a cross-sectional analysis of phosphate mining in the world shows that reserve size and average total cost have a positive and modest statistically significant relationship in one of the two models. Among many qualitative characteristics and location factors tested in this paper, overburden, grade, ore/product ratio, water availability, and the price of capital are significant with expected signs. Finally, the results confirm the existence of economies of scale in phosphate mining which seem to be more related to mining technology than to reserve size.     

The sectorial impact of commodity price shocks in Australia

This study reports that commodity price shocks predominantly affect the mining, construction and manufacturing industries in Australia. However, the financial and insurance sectors are found to be relatively unaffected. Mining industry profits and nominal output substantially increase in response to commodity price shocks. Construction output is also found to increase significantly, especially in response to a bulk commodity shock, as a result of increased demand for resource related construction. Increased demand for construction has a positive spillover effect to the parts of the manufacturing industry that supply the construction sector with intermediate inputs, such as the non-metallic mineral sub-industry. In contrast, other manufacturing sub-industries with only tenuous links to the resources sector such as textiles, clothing and other manufacturing, are relatively unresponsive to commodity price shocks.     

煤炭资源采矿权随机便利收益估价模型

煤炭资源采矿权的有偿取得和转让是社会主义市场经济发展的客观必然,科学合理有效地对煤炭资源采矿权进行估价,是煤炭资源采矿权有偿取得和转让的关键和前提。煤炭资源采矿权具有和股票看涨期权一样的期权特性,本质上是一种按年度执行的多期看涨期权。便利收益的变动将直接影响煤炭资源采矿权价值,固定不变的便利收益或不考虑便利收益都不能准确地反映煤炭资源采矿权价值的变化。假定便利收益服从均值回复过程,文献[7]建立了便利收益和煤炭价格均随机变动的煤炭资源采矿权估价双因素模型,但该模型很难获得解析解,只能简化处理。本文界定了便利收益的内涵及其对煤炭资源采矿权价值的影响,运用鞅定价理论建立了基于随机便利收益的煤炭资源采矿权估价双因素模型,获得了解析解,并通过实例进行了运用,结果表明该模型较DCF方法和煤炭资源采矿权单因素模型更能体现资源所有者的权益。     

Mineral resources for renewable energy: Optimal timing of energy production

The production of energy from renewable sources is much more intensive in minerals than that from fossil resources. The scarcity of certain minerals limits the potential for substituting renewable energy for scarce fossil resources. However, minerals can be recycled, while fossil resources cannot. We develop an intertemporal model to study the dynamics of the optimal energy mix in the presence of mineral intensive renewable energy and fossil energy. We analyze energy production when both mineral and fossil resources are scarce, but minerals are recyclable. We show that the greater the recycling rate of minerals, the more the energy mix should rely on renewable energy, and the sooner should investment in renewable capacity take place. We confirm these results even in the presence of other better known factors that affect the optimal schedule of resource use: expected productivity growth in the renewable sector, imperfect substitution between the two sources of energy, convex extraction costs for mineral resources and pollution from the use of fossil resources.     

中国矿业税费法律制度的重构——以矿产所有权出让为视角

从实证分析的角度而言,在采矿权出让中,国家出让的是矿产的所有权而非用益物权。采矿权价款作为矿产的用益物权的对价,占矿产品的实际销售收入的比例太低。按矿产品的实际销售收入征收矿产资源补偿费和税收,国有矿产资源资产和税收大量流失。我国应实行矿产所有权出让,向受让人收取矿产所有权出让金、矿区国有土地使用费、矿山环境恢复费。根据矿产所有权出让金的数学模型,确定它的合理金额。按照同矿产的可采储量等量的矿产品的销售收入,征收环境税、增殖税,取消矿产资源补偿费和资源税。     

Ready to run: price determinants of thoroughbreds from 2 year olds in training sales

This article utilizes data from the complete set of U.S. thoroughbred 2-year-old in-training sales held in 2013 and estimates the determinants of prices for 1806 two-year-old thoroughbreds. The results reveal that the time in which these prospective racehorses run a standardized distance is the most statistically significant determinant of market price. Other individual horse characteristics, pedigree quality variables and sale quality are also found to be price determinants. An additional result of interest is the significant premium buyers are willing to pay for horses by sires of unknown quality.     

基于动态最优控制的低品位矿产资源效率问题

本文运用最优控制理论与方法,结合动态投入产出模型,构建了基于低品位矿产资源的动态投入产出最优控制模型,为低品位矿产资源综合利用的效率提升提供一种新思路和方法.     

Reserve price signaling

In a general auction model in which bidders’ signals are affiliated, we characterize the unique separating equilibrium in which the seller can use reserve prices to credibly signal her private information. When the buyers’ signals are independent, the optimal reserve price is shown to be increasing in the number of bidders under certain conditions. We also demonstrate that the probability that the item is sold at the reserve price can increase as the number of bidders increases, which indicates a more central role for reserve prices than perceived in the standard auction models.     

Optimum reserve size,fishing induced change in carrying capacity,and phenotypic diversity

Fish stocks around the world are heavily overexploited in spite of fishing policies in several parts of the world designed to limit overfishing. Recent studies have found that the complexity of ecological systems and the diversity of species, as well as negative impact of fishing activities on environmental carrying capacity of fish stocks—all contribute to the problem. A number of biologists, managers, and practitioners strongly support the use of marine reserves as a management strategy for marine conservation. This paper contributes to this line of research by seeking an optimum reserve size and fishing effort for situations where species diversity decrease at fishing grounds and fishing activities impact carrying capacity. We found that a reserve size which maximizes economic rents could ruin a fish stock if fishing impacts are not accounted for. On the other hand, the reserve serves as a bifurcation term which could improve the resilience of a marine ecosystem.     

A Bioeconomic Analysis of Marine Reserves for Paua (Abalone) Management at Stewart Island,New Zealand

Traditional fisheries management relies on the imposition of gear and/or effort restrictions. In spite of much experience with such techniques, the danger of fishery collapse is ever present. Biologists have advocated an alternative strategy, the establishment of marine reserves. However, it is possible that the benefits of marine reserve creation can be overstated if economic behaviour is ignored. In spite of being managed under a system of transferable quotas, the Stewart Island paua (abalone) fishery has been in decline for some time. We develop an integrated economic and biological model of this fishery and use it to predict biomass levels in a number of scenarios, including the imposition of a network of no-take areas. We identify circumstances under which the marine reserve solution outperforms traditional management techniques. We show that the benefit of a marine reserve is highest when a fishery is heavily exploited and when accounting for stochastic recruitment.     

矿产资源租若干问题探讨

矿产资源租是矿产资源所有者所获得的矿产资源价值,矿产品价格高涨突显了矿产资源租问题的重要性.     

Sequentially Optimal Auctions

In auctions where a seller can post a reserve price but if the object fails to sell cannot commit never to attempt to resell it, revenue equivalence between repeated first price and second price auctions without commitment results. When the time between auctions goes to zero, seller expected revenues converge to those of a static auction with no reserve price. With many bidders, the seller equilibrium reserve price approaches the reserve price in an optimal static auction. An auction in which the simple equilibrium reserve price policy of the seller mirrors a policy commonly used by many auctioneers is computed.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C78, D44, D82.     

Assessment of the performance and sustainability of mining sub-soil assets for economic development in South Africa

A natural resource accounting approach was applied in this study to evaluate the performance and sustainability of mining practices and strategies in South Africa (SA). The study showed that except for a brief period during the 1980s, rent capture was very low and almost all the resource rent from minerals dissipated to private companies. Recently, however, user costs have appeared to have been reasonably recovered by taxes and institutional royalties and the capital component of the rent (user cost) has fully been reinvested by mining companies. While adequate reinvestment of recovered user costs in alternative forms of capital might imply sustainable management, this can only hold under the assumptions of perfect substitution between human-made and natural capital of the weak sustainability (WS) paradigm. However, even if one adopts WS, the present analysis could not provide adequate evidence in support of the prudence of mining activities in the country. This is due to a lack of adequate information on the proportions of royalties and taxes reinvested collected by the government and private landowners. Moreover, the fact that this study does not account for the environmental impacts of mining is another important limitation on the ability of the present analysis to conclude that mineral resources have been prudently exploited in SA.     

辽宁近海废弃露天矿与海洋经济创新

用矛盾分析法,研究辽宁海洋经济和传统矿区可持续发展的瓶颈制约,认为二者在资源、技术领域存在较强互补。提出引调渤海水入辽宁近海废弃露天矿,通过内陆湖吸附和沉淀的＂自净化＂治理辽东湾;大规模海水淡化为矿区提供水资源。由露天矿与海水形成的亚静态内陆海湖,为海洋高科技提供优越试验环境。内陆海洋是海岸带陆向延伸的特殊功能区,对推动海陆一体化具有重要意义。     

海洋资源资产分类与核算框架研究

海洋作为国家的基础和战略资源,是国家重要的生存财富与保障,开展海洋资源资产分类与核算框架研究是挖掘海洋资源的市场价值,集约高效调控海洋开发管理活动的基础前提。本文分别从法律与经济两个层面剖析自然资源类别,并综合资源和资产双重属性,将海洋资源划分为海洋生物资源、海洋矿产资源、海洋空间资源与海水资源四大类,并进一步深入探索海洋资源资产核算框架,构建海洋资源资产核算表式结构与价格评估方法,最终从产权制度、用途管制、有偿使用与生态补偿4个方面为海洋资源资产化管理提出了探索方向。     

The New View of Minerals and Economic Growth*

Resource economists have long been fascinated by the relationship between minerals and economic growth. This interest has historically been based in pan on the concern that mineral resources may someday constrain world economic growth, or worse, force a painful reduction in the living standards of the industrialized countries In recent years, however, a very different view of minerals and economic growth has emerged. This new view maintains that economic growth has over the last decade or two become ‘uncoupled’ or independent of minerals and other primary products. Economic growth no longer requires an increase in mineral consumption, and no longer stimulates the demand for metals and other mineral commodities. The new view offers an explanation for the stagnation in metal and mineral consumption since the early 1970s, and presumably was fostered by the depressed conditions of mineral markets over the past decade. An examination of the forces behind the stagnation, however, suggests that the new view is only partially correct Sectoral shifts, the rise of high technology products within manufacturing, resource-saving technology, and material substitution have together caused intensity-of-use trends to deteriorate. As a result, metal consumption can now remain constant or even decline at the same time the economy is expanding, if rate of economic expansion is less than the rate of decline in intensity-of-use. While the relationship between minerals and economic growth has changed in recent years, the two are not independent Faster economic growth requires and stimulates faster growth (or a slower decline) in mineral consumption. This finding has implications for both the short- and long-run behaviour of metal and mineral markets.     

我国矿业税收的绿色化

矿业税收的绿色化是指矿业税收改革时应有利于环境保护和矿业的可持续发展。我国矿业税收中已有一些绿色化的规定,但也还存在一些问题。为促进资源节约利用和环境保护,实现我国矿业税收的绿色化,有必要将绿色化原则作为制定矿业税收的基本原则,对现行矿业所得税、矿产资源税、增值税等进行改革。     

江西鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区社区社会经济调查与分析

近20年是我国国家级自然保护区发展史上的最重要时期,但在保护事业取得巨大成就的同时,自然保护与社区社会经济发展的矛盾凸显出来。处理好这对矛盾首要条件是对自然保护区社会经济要有深入了解。基于以上目的,对江西鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区社区进行了深入的社会调查,包括个别访问与问卷调查,涉及新建县南矶乡总户数1 590户,这些居民全部生活在保护区试验区。本调查的覆盖率达到全部农户的45%,扣除外迁农户后覆盖率高达69.3%。调查结果表明:(1)南矶乡保持着典型的湖区社会经济特征,其对湖泊自然资源依赖性极强;(2)保护区内渔业资源较为丰富,但区内渔产量因湖池不同而不同,因此,从承包湖池的渔获量来看,拥有较优的湖池的农户收入颇丰;(3)近几年,小龙虾产量猛增,市场价格攀升,成为当地农户的主要经济来源,因此,其捕获量与市场价格的波动将直接影响居民的收入与社会稳定。认为:(1)该保护区的主要保护对象是赣江—河口湿地生态系统,在不破坏其基本特征的情况下,适度捕捞,特别是对外来种小龙虾的捕捞,与自然保护不发生根本冲突;(2)由于当地农户收入颇丰,无外出动力,如何有效管理和利用湖泊渔业资源,是解决保护区与社区共同发展的唯一途径;(3)从长远来看,在各级政府支持下管理局应当建立一种机制,从根本上解决这一冲突并把社区农户作为保护的生力军。