循环经济对资源环境外部性的作用及问题探讨

本文主要针对循环经济对资源环境外部性的作用及存在的问题进行了探讨.明确了外部性内涵,阐明了校正资源环境外部性问题传统方法主要是"后治理"的被动方式,有其固有的不足和局限性.详细论述了循环经济对资源环境外部性的作用,指出循环经济对资源外部性问题的解决采取的是一种"预防为主,全过程控制"的方式,较之传统方法有更大的优势,能很好地弥补传统方法的不足;同时,对循环经济校正资源环境外部性实践中存在的问题进行了深入探讨,并提出了解决问题的对策措施.     

治理外部性与可持续发展之间关系的反思

在可持续发展经济学的研究中，人们以外部性理论为基础，始终把外部性等同于生态环境问题，把外部性治理等同于可持续发展。本文在分析外部性理论及其发展的基础上，对可持续发展与外部性治理的关系进行了反思，认为生态环境问题不完全是外部性问题，主张在可持续发展中要区分环境问题与生态问题，环境问题是外部性，而生态问题则不是外部性。对于环境问题的治理可以采用科斯手段与庇古手段，而对于生态问题的治理则要强化制度安排，加强政策引导。     

生态环境的外部性与环境经济政策

生态环境是人类生存和发展的基本条件,是经济、社会发展的基础,生态环境问题已威胁到人类的生存和发展。将外部性概念引入环境保护领域,是为了寻找促使外部性问题内在化的有效方式,以解决日益严重的环境问题。与环境问题有关的外部性,主要是生产和消费的负外部性。环境经济政策是国家环境当局从影响成本—收益入手,引导经济当事人进行选择,以便最终有利于环境的一种政策手段,其主要目标之一是最大限度地减弱以至消除其外部性的影响,将外部性问题内在化。     

关于环境问题的理论分析与政策比较

外部性理论是解释环境问题成因的基础性理论,通过环境政策将外部性加以“内部化”是解决环境问题的根本途径。在对几种环境政策进行比较的基础上,作者提出了适合中国国情的环境政策组合。     

论废弃产品的负外部性与生产者责任的延伸

产品在消费后阶段被消费者废弃所引发或可能引发的资源浪费与环境污染问题即废弃产品问题,它主要源于产品自身承载了大量的资源以及具有潜在的致污能力.依据外部性理论分析,废弃产品问题实质上是一种环境负外部性问题,既包括消费的环境负外部性问题,也包括生产的环境负外部性问题,但主要是生产的环境负外部性问题.延伸责任作为生产者从佑无到有的一项延伸义务,是生产者环境保护义务的新增,并将内化为生产者的生产成本.生产者责任延伸制度实质上就是一种对废弃产品的生产负外部性的政府管制.生产者责任延伸制度的建立与实施将成为废弃产品的生产负外部性内部化的有力手段.     

基于清洁生产的区域产业集群外部性治理行为研究

区域产业集群的环境外部性引发了社会的生态诉求和对可持续发展的反思。文章探讨了区域产业集群的外部性治理问题,指出清洁生产是集群外部性治理的有效途径。在深入分析集群企业与清洁生产的相互关系基础上,从政府和企业的角度建立了区域产业集群外部性治理模型,并对比了清洁生产前后各方的外部性治理行为。最后,从政府推动和企业自主两方面提出了区域产业集群清洁生产的实施策略。     

外部性理论在森林环境资源定价中的应用

本外部性理论是解释经济活动与森林生态环境问题的基础理论。本文利用外部性理论对森林环境外部性的计量分析进行初步的演绎和推算，推出公式为森林环境资源价格=森林资源产品原木的国际价格-边际生产成本-边际使用成本。     

政府如何再造环境管理职能

外部性理论被公认为是环境经济学的基础性理论。它揭示了环境问题产生的根源,也为环境外部性问题提供了解决思路和方案。推动政府的环境管理职能进行一场更为符合环境管理本质要求的改造。政府环境管理职能再造的必要性管制失灵一直以来,管制手段都是政府环境管理的传统手段和主导手段。管制手段因市场失灵和政府干预而生,其受到青睐的原因在于,     

从环境外部性视角研究产业集群生态化发展策略

产业集群发展过程中形成的生态效应问题已成为目前关注的焦点。运用外部性理论,分析了产业集群环境外部性形成的原因及其特征,并阐述了产业集群的生态化特征,最后在探讨环境资源产权的基础上,从环境外部性的视角,提出了政府在产业集群生态化发展过程中可以采取的策略。     

我国农村环境问题的经济分析及解决途径

本文分析了我国农村存在的环境问题,从经济学角度分析了农村环境问题产生的原因,并提出了农村环境问题的治理措施与途径消除其公共物品性和外部性.     

环境治理的经济学分析

环境资源和环境治理具有公共物品性和外部性,这导致了环境资源的过度使用和环境治理供给不足。但是市场机制无法自行解决这些困境,因此政府有必要采取措施解决。常用的经济学方法有庇古税、产权界定和国家规制等方法,但是这些方法存在一定的缺陷,应当有选择性地使用。     

集体林区生态公益林产权市场化探讨

在阐述生态公益林产权市场化可能的类型的基础上,分析当前阻碍集体林区生态公益林产权市场运行的主要因素,提出促进生态公益林产权市场化运行的对策建议,主要包括明晰和优化公益林产权,加强公益林生态服务功能价值评估,创建有利于公益林产权市场发展的外部环境。     

ANARCHY, UNCERTAINTY, AND THE EMERGENCE OF PROPERTY RIGHTS

This paper investigates whether Lockean first claimer property rights should be expected to emerge in anarchy. Individuals behind a veil of uncertainty about their future wealth decide independently whether to commit to using fcrce. Neither the contractarian hypothesis that a thicker veil of uncertainty supports more co-operation nor Demsetz's hypothesis that well-defined property rights emerge as the value of the externality from not having private property increases is unambiguously implied by the model.     

The Paper River Revisited: A Common Property Externality Exercise

The author describes a modified version of the Paper River exercise that appeared in this journal in the Spring 1999 issue. The original game was designed to illustrate the application of the Coase theorem for solving an externality problem. In the Paper River, pairs of students share a single productive resource: small pieces of paper. At question is who has the rights to the paper. The author presents a modified version of the game that retains many of the same elements from the original, but the students work in groups rather than in pairs. Doing so increases the transaction costs associated with negotiating a solution. In addition, the productive resource is common property, so property rights are difficult to establish. These difficulties make a Coasian solution more difficult but make the simulation more realistic.     

Stability analysis of an effluent charge and the ‘polluters pay’ principle

In a pure exchange economy with two private commodities and one collective externality, a non-tâtonnement process is formulated, which yields a rule for adjusting an effluent charge of the Pigovian type from the level zero (at a laissez-faire equilibrium) up to a level that sustains an optimum. Besides convergence (Theorem 3) and monotonous decrease of the externality (Theorem 2) along a continuous path of price equilibria (Theorem 1), the paper analyses the distributional implications of alternative redistribution schemes for the proceeds of the charge. Various interpretations of the ‘polluters pay’ principle are discussed in conjunction with property rights.     

Transaction costs and environmental policy design

This article synthesizes the growing empirical literature on transaction costs to identify pragmatic design recommendations for environmental and natural resource policies. The New Institutional Economics literature recognizes that appropriate policy choice and design will be a function of the specific characteristics of the problem. The physical and institutional determinants of both transaction costs and abatement costs should be considered in the policy design process due to potential interactions between them. Analysts also need to incorporate the extent to which the technologies, institutional environment, governance structures, or policy designs can be changed; some factors can only be adjusted to or “designed around” while others can be designed differently. This framework highlights the importance of property rights since transaction costs will be incurred to obtain or retain property rights and since the rights assignment may affect both the magnitudes and distribution of costs. Another implication is that education and extension programs or use of behavioral economics concepts to affect choices can be cost-effective in some circumstances. Policy design should take advantage of economies of scale and foster technical change. Appropriate sequencing of policy instruments may decrease transaction costs, particularly if there is potential for technical change.     

湿地生态系统服务市场机制研究

湿地破坏的根本原因在于人们片面追求短期利益而忽视长期利益、追求个人局部利益而忽视社会整体利益。湿地生态系统服务市场机制能够促进湿地保护、恢复和重建。在湿地动植物产品、生态旅游和污水处理等方面，湿地生态系统服务市场具有很大发展潜力。明晰产权是建立市场机制的基础，湿地资源的产权界定要依据其外部性和公共物品的特性。土地利用者应比较湿地开发与保护的净效益选择净效益最大的方案。政府可采取适当的激励措施减少目前许多湿地产品和服务市场仍存在的缺失或缺陷，为生态系统服务市场的建立和发展提供条件。     

Coming to the Nuisance: An Economic Analysis from an Incomplete Contracts Perspective

We construct a model in which an investment opportunity arisesfor a first mover before it knows the identity of a second moverand in which joint location results in a negative externality.Contracts are inherently incomplete since the first mover cannotbargain over its ex ante investment decision with the anonymoussecond mover. Given this departure from the setting of the Coasetheorem, the allocation of property rights over the externalityhas real effects on social welfare. We investigate the relativeefficiency of property rights regimes used in practice: injunctions,damages, the ruling in the Spur Industries case, etc. The firstbest can be obtained by allocating property rights (in particularthe right to sue for damages) to the second mover. Allocatingproperty rights to the first mover, as a "coming to the nuisance"rule entails, leads to overinvestment. In contrast to conventionalwisdom, this inefficiency persists even if a monopoly landownercontrols all the land on which the parties may locate.     

Agricultural intensification, irrigation and the environment in South Asia: Issues and policy options

High population pressure and the rapid pace of human activity including urbanization, industrialization and other economic activities have led to a dwindling supply of arable land per capita and a process of agricultural intensification in South Asia. While this process has significantly increased food production to feed the growing population, it has also entailed considerable damage to the physical environment, including degradation and depletion of natural resources and unsustainable use of land and water resources. This paper employs the analytical tools of economic theory, environmental and ecological economics to model the impact of irrigation in South Asia. It underscores the need for an eclectic approach to policy responses stemming from private and common property rights theories, externality theory and sustainability theory with a view to environmentalizing agricultural development.