法定数字货币:重构跨境支付体系及中国因应

数字货币缘起于密码学在货币金融领域的发展,经历了加密货币、稳定币到法定数字货币的发展历程,其实质是主权国家与私人发行者围绕数字货币"铸币权"展开的博弈.区块链和分布式记账技术赋予了加密货币去中心化的信用机制与技术特点;稳定币通过与储备资产"锚定",解决了加密货币币值波动的问题;由中央银行发行、国家信用背书的法定数字货币兼具法定货币的币值稳定性,以及由加密技术和区块链等赋能的创新优势,有望弥补传统跨境支付体系在现代化和便利性等方面的不足,从而实现跨境支付体系的重构.鉴于此,在地缘格局与经济结构深刻调整的背景下,中国有必要进一步加强央行数字货币的研发,推动数字人民币试点,参与和引领跨境支付体系重构进程,构建与之相适应的跨国监管机制.     

央行法定数字货币发行的驱动力、影响推演及政策建议

当前,央行法定数字货币正在紧密推进过程中,其迅速发展的背后有着深刻的驱动力因素.数字货币是电子货币进一步发展的产物,其中又分为央行发行的法定数字货币和私人发行的加密数字货币,而广义的数字货币则与电子货币是同义词.类似互联网企业发行的虚拟货币,也是电子货币的一个子集.具有经济发展稳健性和良好货币发行信用的国家所推出的央行法定数字货币是未来数字货币发展的主流,但这并不意味着私人部门发行的数字货币毫无价值.央行法定数字货币可以提高人民币在国际货币体系中的影响力,借助大数据技术提升对经济的预测、调控能力,降低货币的印刷、发行、流通成本.中国要从市场竞争的角度优化央行法定数字货币的用户体验,丰富央行法定数字货币的运营场景,积极开展国际合作和公私部门合作,完善央行法定数字货币的法律监管制度,从而提升央行法定数字货币的竞争力,形成多层次的数字货币体系.     

私人部门数字货币对金融资产的波动溢出效应——基于比特币跨市场信息传递视角

在我国进行央行数字货币试点的特殊背景下,监测私人部门数字货币产生的影响对于引导主权数字货币功能建设和防范化解风险均具有重要意义.本文评估以比特币为代表的私人部门数字货币对金融资产的波动溢出效应,并分析风险传染的网络拓扑结构.研究表明,比特币对全球性避险资产没有形成波动净溢出,是风险波动的净接收方;我国对私人数字货币的监管效果明显,2018-2019年离岸人民币与比特币的信息关联度显著降低;芝加哥商品所将私人数字货币业务引入传统金融市场增加了比特币对美国金融市场的风险溢出,需要在风险层面进一步论证.研究建议监管数字货币及其衍生产品要以市场实际运行作为重要参考,面对私人数字货币的风险溢出应充分发挥央行数字货币的国际影响力,扩展主权数字资产在金融市场中的份额.     

数字美元的最新进展及挑战

2021年末至2022年一季度，美国白宫和美联储密集发布多份与央行数字货币相关的文件和报告。以此为分水岭，美国改变此前在央行数字货币上的模糊政策，正式加入全球央行数字货币的竞争。在国内，美国政府加紧整合内部意见、凝聚共识、推动央行数字货币技术和系统研发；国际上，美国提出整合现有国际平台和机构力量，推动多双边合作，积极引领国际央行数字货币研发和体系建设。美国希以此加固以美元为核心的国际支付与货币体系，但由于国内意见高度分裂、数字美元与私人稳定币关系难以理顺、央行数字货币国际规则协调难度较大，加上国际经济多元化发展，对美国政府的央行数字货币战略构成挑战。     

国际私人数字货币对中国经济的影响与应对之策

数字经济时代背景下,数字技术引领数字企业商业生态变革,区块链技术赋能的私人数字货币应运而生.作为数字经济的重要组成部分,私人数字货币颠覆了传统的货币体系,对全球经济秩序产生了深远影响.私人数字货币的潜在经济影响主要包括:导致私人数字货币市场垄断、引发通货膨胀或通货紧缩、颠覆传统货币支付体系.私人数字货币对法定货币的影响主要包括:削弱主权国家货币地位、诱发铸币权由政府向企业转移、降低传统货币政策的有效性.面对国际私人数字货币对中国经济社会的潜在影响,中国应突破现有数字技术瓶颈,加快中国法定数字货币落地;深化法定数字货币国际化合作,推进人民币国际化进程;整合数字企业力量,探索中国数字货币发展新模式.     

国家金融安全视角下SWIFT系统与央行数字货币：发展路径与逻辑关系

SWIFT系统作为跨境支付领域的公共品，在愈演愈烈的地缘政治竞争中，私物化为金融制裁的工具，各国金融安全面临重大挑战。央行数字货币应用于跨境支付有两种方式。为促进央行数字货币跨境支付互操作性，可构建兼容系统、单一系统和互联系统的央行数字货币。SWIFT系统与央行数字货币存在合作与替代双重关系。中国在加快数字人民币研发和试点的同时，应依托“一带一路”建设等区域合作机制有序推进人民币的国际化，积极参与多边央行数字货币桥合作，建立起高效安全的数字人民币跨境支付体系。     

中美数字货币监管比较

数字货币作为区块链技术驱动下的新兴产物,受到众多投资者的追捧.但其法律监管缺失、技术漏洞等问题冲击了金融市场的安全和稳定,严重影响了经济社会的良好运转,许多国家纷纷出台监管政策来保障数字货币的合理运行.本文在描述区块链和数字货币概念的基础上,主要梳理了美国和中国两个国家的数字货币监管情况及特征,比较了两国的监管态度及手段,最后有针对性地对我国数字货币的监管措施提出建议.     

解读“央行数字货币”涵义 甄别“数字货币”种类

数字货币是金融领域的新生事物,自从比特币横空出世以来,陆续出现的以太坊、莱特币、狗狗币等等,名目繁多而且随即出现的各种归类也是网络随性中,诸如:主流币、山寨币、稳定币、空气币、传销币等等。2019年8月10日中国人民银行支付结算司负责人介绍说:央行数字货币的研究已经进行了五年,正是呼之欲出之际。但是随着全球疫情的爆发与蔓延,估计推出日程表将会受到一定的影响。2020年7月20日据日本共同社报道,日美欧七国集团(G7)基本决定了在发行央行数字货币方面展开合作。从币圈知识星球的荒芜来看,前几年的币圈是一个鱼龙混杂的圈子,乘着大家对于数字货币和区块链还非常陌生的机会,传销币割走了不少"韭菜"。为此,我国出台了相应的法律法规,严厉打击了传销币的经销头目、分销头目,也警醒了传销活动的积极参与者。针对央行数字货币、企业数字货币、传销币、传销盘等进行了种类的梳理和甄别。     

区块链金融助力中小企业发展

近年来,缺乏有效监管的互联网金融频现违约风险。区块链技术对互联网金融是一次新颠覆,文章分析了中小企业融资难的主要原因,阐述了区块链金融信息高透明、难篡改、去中心化、去平台化的优势,提出了未来的区块链金融模式下,将区块链技术引入金融信贷市场,通过点对点方式将分散客户联系在一起,货币清算结算、数字节点,把金融活动的参与者组成的分布式数据库,这将改变传统的直接融资模式与间接融资模式,并能从根本上改变融资双方信息不对等地位,从而破解中小企业融资难的现实难题。     

国家安全战略下法定数字货币安全问题研究

我国推行法定数字货币是深刻把握当前国际形势所做出的重要战略安排,是国家安全战略的题中应有之意.为把握数字经济先发优势,我国适时推出法定数字货币生正逢时.作为国家安全的重要组成部分,我国央行法定数字货币安全重要性进一步凸显.但法定数字货币的推行面临技术实现难题,对传统商业银行造成转型冲击,引起科技伦理与消费者隐私保护等多方挑战.同时,比特币、Libra等虚拟货币对我国经济安全造成威胁.本文在国家安全战略下对我国法定数字货币安全问题进行专题分析,并提出有针对性的建议.我国应以科技为矛、制度为盾,保障法定数字货币的安全平稳推行,提高我国数字货币治理能力,促进数字货币安全的国际交流与合作.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。