跨国汽车公司内部转移价格的动因分析

一、跨国汽车公司内部转移价格 转移价格(Transfer Price)又称调拨定价或内部价格，是跨国汽车公司为了实现其利润最大化的目标而在关联企业发生有形资产、无形资产和劳务等交易时以非市场自然交易价格(人为的抬高或压低价格)成交的行为。转移价格时所采取的价格不受市场供求关系的影响，而是根据跨国汽车公司全球战略目标和利润最大化原则由跨国汽车公司高层管理人员人为确定的价格。     

地方政府激励制度的比较分析

我国中央政府对地方政府进行激励主要采取两种模式:官员晋升锦标赛制和财政分成制。本文基于一个中央和地方政府进行序贯博弈的模型来研究两种激励模式的激励效果并对社会福利进行比较。当中国区域之间禀赋和发展水平差异较大以及各种外来冲击对产出的影响较大时,晋升锦标赛制不仅会遏制中国地区间的合作,而且与财政分成制相比,其引致的努力水平更低,无论从最大化中央政府效用的角度,还是从最大化社会福利的角度,晋升锦标赛制都次于财政分成制。     

转移定价在军工企业事业部的应用

转移定价是同一组织内部,一个分部提供产品和劳务给另一个分部的要价。合理的内部转移价格对完善企业内部市场激励机制、优化资源配置、实现企业利益最大化有重要的助推作用。文章从内部转移价格的意义、方法等方面进行阐述,并运用A所建立"成本中心型"W事业部后延用前期绩效结算方法现状分析、以及就标准成本加成作为内部转移价格进行实例比较分析,认为在当前以成本中心型事业部下,选择标准成本加成的内部转移定价最为合理有效。     

旅游中间产品转移价格的确定

旅游转移价格(俗称协议价)是指在旅游集团总公司内部、在分公司之间进行中间产品转让时,中间产品的价格.正确制定这种价格,对于正确处理各分公司之间的经济利润,保证分公司与旅游集团总公司决策上的一致,调动各分公司的积极性,对共同实现旅游集团总公司利润最大化目标有重要意义.在有外部市场条件下,转移价格等于市场价格;在无外部市场条件下,转移价格等于边际成本.在实践中,无外部市场条件下的转移价格采取双重定价方法,即除了用变动成本定价外,还要在各分公司之间合理分配利润的基础上来定价.     

国际竞争策略:巧用买方垄断

一个市场中只有一个购买者时即称买方垄断。一定程度的买方垄断势力可使买方以低于完全竞争市场的价格买到产品。买方垄断实现利益最大化的原则为不断购买该产品直至边际效用(边际价值)正好与购买最后一单位的成本(边际支出)相同。与完全竞争市场相比,买方垄断     

公共定价的经济学分析

公共定价是指公共部门运用强制性权力规定某些行业产品或劳务的交易价格。广义公共定价包括:(1)对政府本身的定价即对政府预算收入的确定;(2)对政府采购的商品的定价;(3)对纸币的币值,也就是对相应的纸币发行量的确定;(4)对弱势群体的保障水平及其他方面的政府补贴的确定;(5)对公共物品的限价;(6)对公共资源的定价;(7)对公共服务的定价;(8)对国有企业出让价格的确定等。本文基于公共定价与公共经济的供求相互作用关系,主要讨论上述后四类定价问题。     

从“偏离”到“回归”：利益相关者视角下农地流转定价机制构建

科学的流转价格有利于促进农地流转市场健康稳定发展。在利益相关者理论分析框架之下，对农地流转价格偏离的内在机理进行了理论阐释，对农地流转定价的现实困境进行了深度剖析。研究发现：从利益相关主体看，农户分化导致了农地流转要价差异，转入主体差异引致了流转价格差异，政府干预诱发了流转价格高位失灵，中介组织实现了流转价格市场化；而理论指导缺乏、评估市场不完善以及定价方式不科学等问题造成了农地流转定价的现实困境。在此基础上构建了农地流转定价机制：遵循以“市场定价为主、政府引导为辅”的原则，建立农地流转信息公开机制，加强事前事后流转价格监管，完善评估机制和价格调整机制。     

基于载体产品定价过程的开发区经济系统运行分析

将开发区载体产品的定价过程作为研究对象,通过对开发区经济系统中政府主体、企业主体以及其交易关系的分析,将开发区载体产品的供给与需求问题作为研究开发区经济系统运行的基本切入点。通过政府主体效用函数以及企业主体利润函数的引入,建立了开发区载体产品定价机制模型。通过对该模型的分析发现,开发区载体产品定价机制模型表面上是新古典经济学分析框架下利用厂商分析模型的例子,然而定价机制中所体现的供给需求均衡过程实质上却是在政府主体的效用最大化满足与企业主体的利润最大化追求过程中相互博弈与均衡的结果,其结果是作为交易双方纽带的开发区载体产品的价格实现均衡。     

个体异质性、效用认知与绿色产品的定价策略

基于消费者个体异质性和绿色产品效用认知差异性,结合互联网背景,构建了绿色产品的发布式定价和协商式定价策略模型,探讨了不同绿色度、绿色效用认知、绿色成本水平下的定价策略采用时机。研究发现:在高绿色成本、低绿色效用认知的情况下应采用发布式定价;在低绿色成本或高绿色效用认知的情况下,基于绿色度的提高,协商式定价对厂商收益具有明显的加速作用,对于低绿色度的产品,应采用发布式定价,而对于高绿色度的产品,应采用协商式定价。     

基于产品差异化的乘用车产品定价策略研究

我国乘用车市场的产品之间存在三种产品差异,即垂直差异、水平差异和信息差异。垂直差异存在于不同细分市场的产品之间,水平差异存在于同一细分市场的产品之间,而信息差异使得所有产品分为领导产品和跟随产品两大类型。这三种差异的存在使得企业只有根据自身产品的情况合理地制定价格才能实现利润最大化。如果企业的产品是跟随产品,则它应该以同细分市场的领导产品为标杆制定价格。如果企业的产品是领导产品,则它应该与相关细分市场的领导产品保持合理价差。上海大众汽车公司自2001年以来的主要产品的定价行为及效果,验证了该分析框架在现实中的有效性。     

Utility Regulation and Risk Allocation: The Roles of Marginal Cost Pricing and Futures Markets

The effects on consumer welfare of requiring a utility facing cost or demand risk to use either a fixed retail price or marginal cost pricing are assessed. With marginal cost pricing and cost volatility an efficient futures market allows consumer welfare to be at least as high in every state as with the fixed price. With demand risk marginal cost pricing can benefit the consumer in every state without harming the firm if the profit difference is transferred to the consumer. A futures market can act as a partial replacement for the transfer.     

Disentangling supply and demand shifts: the impacts on world salmon price

To understand price changes, one must determine the relative impact of supply and demand shifts on price. Conditional on predetermined supply and demand elasticities, we retrieve yearly shifts in regional supply and demand. The relative impact on price from each supply and demand shift is determined through an equilibrium displacement model (EDM). This procedure is applied on a yearly basis for the world salmon market in the period 2002 to 2011. The results indicate a large variation in demand and supply growth both over time and between regions. While average annual price impacts from supply or demand shifts from most regions are not statistically significant, price impacts from supply or demand shifts for specific periods are detected in all but one region. This indicates that the use of smooth trend indicators is likely to be inappropriate for measuring supply and demand shifts and their impacts on price. The procedure presented in this article can be a useful instrument for determining the relative impacts of supply and demand shifts on price in any market with unstable price behaviour.     

Tacit Collusion and Non–uniform Prices

This article examines the possibility of building a tacit agreement between price–setters that yields non–uniform pricing. It is shown that firms with market power may restrict competition not only by alternating between periods of high prices and low prices (Green and Porter (1984), Rotemberg and Saloner (1986)), but also by always charging different prices and taking turns in being the monopolist. In contrast with the existing literature, price variability is not due to imperfect monitoring, stochastic demand or short–run pricing rigidity but it is a pure supply side effect. The author provides the necessary conditions to have collusion with non–uniform pricing, and shows that the latter dominates a fixed price solution. In terms of competition policy this result confirms that no price parallelism is not, per se , a signal of no collusion.     

Supply Disruptions and Regional Price Effects in a Spatial Oligopoly—An Application to the Global Gas Market

Supply shocks in the global gas market may affect countries differently, as the market is regionally interlinked but not perfectly integrated. Additionally, high supply‐side concentration may expose countries to market power in different ways. To evaluate the strategic position of importing countries with regard to gas supplies, we disentangle the import price into different components and characterize each component as price increasing or price decreasing. Because of the complexity of the interrelations in the global gas market, we use an equilibrium model programmed as a mixed complementarity problem (MCP) and simulate the blockage of liquefied natural gas (LNG) flows through the Strait of Hormuz. This enables us to account for the oligopolistic nature and the asymmetry of the gas supply. We find that Japan faces the most severe price increases, as the Japanese gas demand completely relies on LNG supply. In contrast, European countries such as the UK benefit from good interconnection to the continental pipeline system and domestic price taking production, both of which help to mitigate an increase in physical costs of supply as well as in the exercise of market power.     

高科技产业新产品定价策略研究——基于系统动力学

新产品的开发对于高科技产业来说日趋重要，需要不断的努力和巨大的市场意识，系统的价格监测对于分割市场和合理配置资源具有很重要的意义，企业应该认真考虑以确定最优定价策略。本文在不同竞争环境下建立了不同定价策略对企业综合影响的系统动力学模型，在对模型模拟分析的基础上，研究了不同定价策略对企业的影响。结果表明，高科技产业新产品采用撇脂定价策略相对于渗透定价策略具有更大的优越性，并根据企业实际的定价能力，适当地延长撇脂时间和增大撇脂价格可以带来更大的经济效益。     

Intertemporal price discrimination and consumer demand

Under a particular class of utility functions, intertemporal price discrimination (IPD) is not feasible. That is, customers cannot be made to pay different prices for a durable good at different points in time. Other factors such as falling costs, and differing discount rates between buyers and sellers have been found to make intertemporal pricing schemes feasible, or even profitable. None of these factors, however, were fundamental demand differences which give rise to static price discriminations. In this paper we argue that IPD is indeed feasible and sometimes profitable, if only we allow for a nondurable good in the utility function. A simple additively separable utility is examined first, which is then extended to a nonseparable utility function which allows richer substitution/complementary relations between the durable and the nondurable goods. This may help us to better understand the similarities between static and intertemporal price discriminations.     

ESTIMATING WELFARE IN INSURANCE MARKETS USING VARIATION IN PRICES

We provide a graphical illustration of how standard consumer and producer theory can be used to quantify the welfare loss associated with inefficient pricing in insurance markets with selection. We then show how this welfare loss can be estimated empirically using identifying variation in the price of insurance. Such variation, together with quantity data, allows us to estimate the demand for insurance. The same variation, together with cost data, allows us to estimate how insurer's costs vary as market participants endogenously respond to price. The slope of this estimated cost curve provides a direct test for both the existence and nature of selection, and the combination of demand and cost curves can be used to estimate welfare. We illustrate our approach by applying it to data on employer-provided health insurance from one specific company. We detect adverse selection but estimate that the quantitative welfare implications associated with inefficient pricing in our particular application are small, in both absolute and relative terms.     

利率上调对中国住房市场影响的动态分析

构建一个简单的住房需求供给模型,从未预测到中国人民银行对利率上调和已预早测到中国人民银行要对利率进行上调两方面来分析利率上调对中国住房市场的影响。研究结果表明,利率上调通过影响住房市场供求和房租这两个途径来影响中国的住房市场,并且当住房价格上升过快时,利率上调可以作为一个调控中国房价的有效手段。     

电力产业化解两难困境的经济学研究

从供需均衡角度分析了长期困扰中国电力产业的两难困境(电力短缺和电价过高),而产生两难困境的根源在于垂直一体化垄断;尽管电力体制改革在一定程度上打破了这种垄断,但是电网公司的输配售一体化垄断仍然成为化解两难困境的梗阻;通过网售分开,在电力产业构建充分竞争的电力市场,有效降低电力的生产和零售成本,成本的降低推动供给曲线向右下方平移,在其他条件不变的前提下实现既降低电价又增加电量的目的,从而有效化解两难困境。     

Optimal pricing and capacity choice for a public service under risk of interruption

We develop rules for pricing and capacity choice for an interruptible service that recognize the interdependence between consumers’ perceptions of system reliability and their market behavior. Consumers post ex ante demands, based on their expectations on aggregate demand. Posted demands are met if ex post supply capacity is sufficient. However, if supply is inadequate all ex ante demands are proportionally interrupted. Consumers’ expectations of aggregate demand are assumed to be rational. Under reasonable values for the consumer’s degrees of relative risk aversion and prudence, demand is decreasing in supply reliability. We derive operational expressions for the optimal pricing rule and the capacity expansion rule. We show that the optimal price under uncertainty consists of the optimal price under certainty plus a markup that positively depends on the degrees of relative risk aversion, relative prudence and system reliability. We also show that any reliability enhancing investment—though lowering the operating surplus of the public utility—is socially desirable as long as it covers the cost of investment.