浅析家庭农场与其他农业经营主体的区别

家庭农场作为中国传统农业与现代农业结合的新型农业经营主体，既是农业发展的必然要求，也是进一步优化农业生产、解决三农问题的必然选择。由于刚刚起步，家庭农场的培育发展是一个循序渐进的过程[1]。通过对家庭农场与其他新型农业经营主体进行比较分析，明确家庭农场在新型农业经营体系中的基础地位和核心地位，并对加强培育和发展家庭农场提出一些具体措施。     

新型农业经营主体——家庭农场研究——以苏州市吴江区为例

家庭农场是新型农业经营主体的重要组成部分,也是构建新型农业经营体系的重要力量。结合实际积极促进家庭农场发展,是吴江完善农业经营体系的必然选择。一、家庭农场的内涵及特点家庭农场是指以家庭成员为主要劳动力,从事农业规模化、集约化、商品化生产经营,并以农业收入为家庭主要收入来源的新型农业经营主体。家庭农场是我国农业经营体系中的重要组成部分。早在上世     

家庭农场发展的困境与解决之道

家庭农场是创新中国农业生产经营体制的新型经营主体。大力推广家庭农场就是要在尊重农业生产规律的基础上,实现农业由传统粗放式的生产向现代化、集约化的生产方式转变,最终保障中国的粮食安全。走出家庭农场发展困境,推进农地"三权分离",提高农业集约化水平,深化农村金融改革,发展农业社会化服务体系是根本解决之道。     

供给侧改革视角下家庭农场融资问题研究

家庭农场在新型农业经营体系中占据主导地位,家庭农场的发展离不开现代金融的支持.供给侧结构性改革对支持新型农业经营主体的发展具有重要意义.本文基于供给侧结构性改革的视角,剖析家庭农场融资困境,给出解决家庭农场融资的路径选择及对策建议.     

家庭农场问题的研究综述

目前,中国的农业发展正处在整个战略选择阶段的转型期。联系国内情况和农业发展状况,选取符合国家现实情况的农业规模化经营发展路径,对推动农业现代化发展起到至关重要的作用,而家庭农场规模化经营是农业从传统向现代的最好方式。对家庭农场问题的研究进行文献梳理,剖析家庭农场在外国的发展存在的优势,为家庭农场今后在中国的发展起到借鉴的作用。     

我国发展家庭农场的障碍及对策

当前,我国正处于由传统农业向现代农业转变的关键时期,现有的主要农业经营组织形态已不适应现代农业发展的需要,必须用新型农业经营组织来引领现代农业的发展。而发展家庭农场是我国农业经营组织的制度创新,应从加快土地承包权流转、培育家庭农场主体和建立财政、金融、税收扶持政策及加快农业社会化服务体系建设等方面为发展家庭农场提供支持,以提高家庭农场的经营水平。     

家庭农场发展中的金融服务调查与对策

家庭农场是一种新型的农业经营主体,家庭农场发展的重要保障之一是完善的金融支持体系,本文通过调查某县家庭农场发展及金融服务情况,并就这种农业经营主体发展过程中金融支持存在的问题进行简单的归纳,提出了推动家庭农场金融服务的几点对策.     

我国家庭农场发展的困境及解决对策

家庭农场作为我国一种新型农业经济组织形式,近年来在各地蓬勃发展。目前,土地流转不畅、资金供给乏力、经营主体缺位且文化水平不高、社会化服务体系建设滞后等问题制约着家庭农场规模经营。今后,政府应提供促进家庭农场健康发展的制度保障,形成支持家庭农场发展的多元化金融体系,提高家庭农场经营主体的技术水平和组织化程度,完善农业社会化服务体系,多方面支持家庭农场的规模经营。     

中国家庭农场——一条农村改革新途径

党的十八大要求建设集约化、专业化、组织化、社会化相结合的新型农业经营体系。2013年中央一号文件指出:"鼓励和支持承包土地向专业大户、家庭农场,农民合作社流转"。"家庭农场"的首次提出为响应十八大创建新型农业经营体系增添了一份活力。本文分析了在家庭联产承包责任制的基础之上,为促进农业现代化发展而提出的家庭农场经营主体,说明其特点,产生的原因,发展中存在的问题,指出在制度、组织、技术等方面进行创新改革对于发展家庭农场的必要性。     

关于构建新型农业经营主体的几点思考——以曲靖市为例

随着中国农业的不断发展,以农业专业大户、家庭农场、农民专业合作社、农业企业和庄园经济为代表的新型农业经营主体日益显示出发展生机与潜力,已成为中国现代农业发展的核心主体。但中国新型农业经营主体的发展还处于初级阶段,还存在着很多不足,仍具有很大的发展空间。以曲靖市新型农业经营主体的研究为基础,描述我们团队在调研中发现的关于当地新型农业经营主体发展中存在的一些问题,并针对这些问题提出一些对策建议,希望能更好地促进中国新型经营主体的发展。     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages – A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico

This paper explores the value of mangrove systems as a breeding and nursery habitat for off-shore fisheries, focusing on mangrove-shrimp production linkages in Campeche State, Mexico. We develop an open access fishery model to account explicitly for the effect of mangrove area on carrying capacity and thus production. From the long-run equilibrium conditions of the model we are able to establish the key parameters determining the comparative static effects of a change in mangrove area on this equilibrium. We then estimate empirically the effects of changes in mangrove area in the Laguna de Terminos on the production and value of shrimp harvests in Campeche over 1980–90. Our findings suggest that mangroves are an important and essential input into the Campeche shrimp fishery, but that the low levels of deforestation between 1980 and 1990 mean that the resulting losses to the shrimp fishery are still comparatively small. Over-exploitation of the fishery due to open access conditions remains the more pervasive threat, and without better management any long-run benefits of protecting mangrove habitat are likely to be dissipated.     

An Economic Analysis and Simulation of Woodfuel Management in the Sahel

This paper presents an economic framework and a computationalmethodology for assessing the evolution of woodfuel supply costsand the spatial distribution of biomass in a Sahelian woodlandsetting. Spatial data on standing stock and the costs oftransport to market are used to construct a supply curve for fuelto a fuel-consuming location. Given an exogenously specifieddemand, the model simulates, period by period, the extraction,regeneration, and transport of wood fuels. The model is appliedto evaluate the benefits and ecological impacts of scenarios forwoodland management around the city of N'Djamena, Chad.     

Evidence on the impact of R&D and ICT investments on innovation and productivity in Italian firms

Both research and development (R&D) and information and communication technology (ICT) investment have been identified as sources of relative innovation underperformance in Europe vis-à-vis the USA. In this article, we investigate the R&D and ICT investment at the firm level in an effort to assess their relative importance and to what extent they are complements or substitutes. We use data on a large unbalanced panel data sample of Italian manufacturing firms constructed from four consecutive waves of a survey of manufacturing firms, to estimate a version of the CDM model of R&D, innovation, and productivity [Crépon–Duguet–Mairesse 1998. Research, innovation and productivity: An econometric analysis at the firm level. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 7, no. 2: 115–58] that has been modified to include ICT investment and R&D as the two main inputs into innovation and productivity. We find that R&D and ICT are both strongly associated with innovation and productivity, with R&D being more important for innovation, and ICT investment being more important for productivity. For the median firm, rates of return to both investments are so high that they suggest considerably underinvestment in both these activities. We explore the possible complementarity between R&D and ICT in innovation and production, but find none, although we do find complementarity between R&D and worker skill in innovation.     

Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth*

Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth are identified. Included is a discussion of his contributions on: the determinants of differences in speed of adoption of innovations; the use of patents to measure technology; the private and social returns to R&D; and spillover effects from R&D. Griliches's own evaluation of his research contribution is compared to the evaluation of others in the field, using as evidence citation counts of his works collected from the online Web of Science. Griliches's most important contribution is his 1957 Econometrica hybrid corn paper that is a foundation of the economics of technological innovation. Remarkably, the trend in annual citations to the paper has continued to increase for over 40 years. Finally, we summarize Griliches's most recent views on the practice of economics and on the most important unanswered questions in the economics of technology and growth.     

新员工主动社会化行为与组织承诺关系研究——以社会资本为中介变量

为了探索新员工主动社会化行为影响组织承诺的过程,本文对来自企业的401个有效样本进行了实证分析。本研究运用层级回归的方法,控制了人口统计变量的影响后,发现员工的搜寻信息和搜寻绩效反馈行为对组织承诺有直接的正面影响,同时,通过员工社会资本对员工组织承诺产生了间接的正面影响。社会资本在员工搜寻信息和搜寻绩效反馈行为影响组织承诺的机制中起部分中介作用。员工的关系构建行为对组织承诺没有显著影响,但对员工社会资本存在显著的正面影响。