土地财政与城市用地规模及人口增长联动关系区域差异

揭示土地财政与城市用地规模及人口增长联动关系区域规律,对于制定三者协调发展的差别化调控政策具有重要意义。采用灰色关联系数方法将我国31省(市、区)土地财政与城市用地规模联动关系紧密程度划分为高度、中度、低度3个区域,即等量土地财政资金推动城市用地规模增长依次减少,呈现与经济社会发展水平相反的区域规律。高度关联区域协议供给工矿仓储用地对于城市用地规模增长的推动作用强于商服住宅用地,工业化起步晚使得第三产业就业人口占比最高,低度关联区域情况则相反。低度关联区域土地财政和城市用地规模增长总量最大,土地城市化速度相对于人口显著快于高度和中度关联区域。中度关联区域土地与人口城市化速度相对较为协调。从推进工业用地最低限价及招拍挂方式出让、提升土地财政用于非经济性公共品供给占比、土地财政供给低收入群体和进城务工农民保障房建设等方面,提出优化土地财政、城市用地规模与人口增长联动关系的区域差别化政策建议。     

我国土地财政供给类型与调控对策

从土地财政为国家快速城镇化供给大量的土地资源及公共建设资金角度出发,阐释了土地财政"地"与"钱"供给的动力及运行模式,分析出由土地财政供给模式助推的产业用地规模、土地城镇化速度、房地产供给规模及价格等国家结构性问题的内在机理。以时间序列上的国有土地出让面积、土地财政收入规模等6项绝对指标和土地人口城市化速度比值、商品房平均销售价格等8项相对指标,衡量国家层面上由土地财政助推的结构性问题变化趋势及其在31省(市、区)间的基本差异,采用变异系数、聚类分区方法并结合区域邻近原则,将我国大陆地区31省(市、区)划分为"土地财政供给紧缺"、"土地供给过剩"、"土地财政供给过剩"、"土地财政供需适度"、"土地需求不足"5类区域,以8项相对指标为主阐释其原因。基于供给侧改革视角,从征收保有环节的房地产税、土地整治工程增加用地指标、引导城镇土地节约集约利用和控制外延扩张、城市公共设施建设鼓励社会资本参与等方面,提出调控不同区域土地财政供给的政策建议。     

土地财政区域差异与替代融资机制研究

土地财政规模及对地方财政贡献率呈现出与省域经济发展水平趋同的基本区域规律。从土地财政是地方政府利用未来若干年收益融资本质,阐述土地财政替代融资机制涵义。选取2000—2012年地方财政收支与土地财政数据,采用聚类分析并结合定性方法,将31省区划分为淡出、高度、中度、低度4类融资区域。依据公共财政、区域非均衡协调发展、马克思地租(国债国税)理论,构建土地财政替代融资机制政策方案。国家层面:建立财事权相平衡财政体制、完善征地补偿与政绩考核制度、建设城乡统一建设用地市场、征收物业税;区域层面:发挥土地整理潜力的财政功效、改变土地财政为动力源泉的城市化、发行地方基础设施债券并鼓励民间资本参与融资、发展高端服务业与战略新兴产业增加税源等。     

中国土地财政区域差异的测度及成因分析——基于287个地级市的面板数据

采用2003—2012年中国287个地级(及以上)城市面板数据资料,基于回归方程的Shapley值分解方法,对我国土地财政区域差异的测度及成因进行了系统的实证研究。研究发现:1我国各地市间的土地财政指标存在明显的区域差异,这一差异随着时间的推移总体呈现波动下降的特征。2从全国层面看,第二产业比重及其所反映的工业化进程是导致土地财政区域差异的最重要因素,其对土地财政区域差异的贡献达到了34.28%;地区经济发展水平与第三产业比重是仅次于第二产业比重的影响因素,它们的贡献水平分别达到了30.44%和18.29%;人口城市化水平、人口密度、土地城市化水平和经济开放度这四个因素的贡献度较小,但仍然不可忽视;这七个解释变量对土地财政指标区域差异的影响均为正向作用,尚未发现能够有效抑制土地财政区域差异的负向作用影响因素。3土地财政区域差异的决定因素在东部、中部、西部和东北地区存在较大差异。政策启示:中央政府应当参考土地财政区域差异影响因素的贡献度,以差别化的土地、财税政策工具实施宏观调控,渐进、有序地引导地方政府的土地财政行为取向;各级地方政府尤其是市县级政府,需要参考影响各自土地财政指标的因素的作用方向和贡献大小,结合自身的经济发展目标、产业定位和资源禀赋等,合理制定具体的土地、财税政策措施。     

我国财政均等化现状及形成机理分析

通过计算财政自给系数、财政能力系数和人均财政收入基尼系数等指标,得出我国财政区域差距较大、地区不均等问题突出,且呈扩大趋势;地区间人均财政收支差距大于人均GDP和人均可支配收入差距.本文在分析造成我国财政不均等形成机理的基础上,提出逐步取消税收返还和体制补助,扩大一般性转移支付规模和占比,规范专项转移支付资金使用的建议.     

城市化质量提升视角下的土地财政与城市产业发展

土地财政与城市不同产业之间关系的差异，都有可能对城市化质量产生不同影响。利用2009—2020年全国100个重点城市面板数据，分别研究了城市化进程中土地财政与城市工业、服务业，以及服务业中的房地产业的关系。研究结果表明：目前我国的土地财政通过低价出让工业用地对城市工业有推动作用，而对服务业的发展并不存在相同的促进作用；土地财政通过出让住宅类用地对房地产业的发展有促进作用。土地财政通过促进工业、房地产业的发展提高了城市化的综合水平，但也给城市化质量提升带来一定负面影响。因此，未来应促进工业用地市场化配置，提高工业用地产出效益；推进房地产业健康发展；降低地方政府对土地财政的依赖，推动土地财政转型。     

城市化进程中的土地管理

目前我国城市化正处于诺瑟姆提出的中期发展阶段,在这一发展进程中出现了城市产业结构调整滞后于城市扩容速率,城市人均占地虚高、利用率偏低,人均耕地大幅度减少、耕地与粮食安全受到影响,出现“三无”农民,城乡贫富差距拉大等问题。本文从城市定向确定城市规模和用地总量、土地的责权利分置、加强土地的法制管理和确保农民切身利益等方面提出城市化有序发展的土地管理措施。     

我国地方政府土地财政制度研究

本文旨在揭示我国地方政府土地财政问题的制度成因,并利用2001—2010年省际面板数据对其进行了经验检验。研究结果表明,地方一般预算收支缺口越大,对应的土地财政规模越大,这一点在中部地区表现得尤为明显;在土地制度方面,土地违法案件查处情况中涉及的耕地面积与土地财政收入规模正相关,说明土地制度越不完善,地方政府越有扩大征地面积从而获得巨额土地出让收入的冲动;在GDP增长导向的政绩考核制度方面,人均GDP指标也通过了检验。本文的研究为促进土地财政模式的改革提供了实证支持。     

县级政府人力规模与省以下财政体制——基于灰色关联分析

利用湖南省1995-2008年的县级数据,以灰色关联度分析作为工具,采用财政支出分权、财政收入分权、财政自给率、人均净财政转移支付指标,从财政分权与转移支付视角对省内财政制度安排与县级政府人力规模之间的关系进行分析。研究发现:不同指标度量的财政分权、转移支付与县级政府人力规模呈现比较显著的正相关关系,并且省内支出分权对湖南省县级政府人力规模的影响最大,其后依次为省内收入分权、县财政自给率和县人均净转移支付。这说明湖南省省内财政划分体制可能具有某种助长县级政府人力规模扩张的基因。这一发现表明,实行合理的省内财政分权和适度的转移支付规模是湖南省控制县级政府人力规模急剧膨胀的重要途径。     

第四轮圈地潮袭来

<正>"土地生财"是改革以来特别是1992年以来我国城市化和经济快速发展的重要资金来源,2012年相当于地方一般财政收入的39%。未来随着新型城镇化进程的推进,非农用地需求持续增加,以及地价上涨,"土地财政"规模还会继续扩大。"土地财政"三个来源土地财政有卖地生财、附地生财和押地生财三个资金来源。地方政府"借地生财"主要有三条途径,一是通过供应土地获取土地收益,包括出让、租赁国有土地使     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.     

A Humean theory of choice of which rationality may be one consequence

For the reader who considers economic theory of choice as a special case of a more general theory of action, Hume's discussion of the determinants of action in the Treatise of Human Nature (1739?–?40), in the Enquiry on Human Understanding (1748) and in the Dissertation on Passions (1757) deserves attention. However, according to some modern commentators, Hume does not seem to have given any evidence that would favour what nowadays we would consider as the kind of rationality involved in modern theories of rational choice. On the contrary, this paper arrives at the conclusion that consistency between preferences and choice, like the usual properties of completeness and transitivity, may be considered as outcomes of a mental process, described by means of a decision algorithm that aims to represent Hume's theory of choice.     

The concept of freedom and its relation to economic development--a critical appreciation of the work of Amartya Sen

Following a brief review of the conception of freedom as employedin economic discourse, this paper focuses on the evolution ofthe concept of freedom in the work of Amartya Sen. It tracesthe development of Sen's thought from the capability analysisof the late 1970s to his more recent separation of freedom intoits opportunity and process aspects. While broadly appreciativeof Sen's development of the concept of positive freedom, thepaper identifies some difficulties arising from his definitionof capability as a set of options as well as from his separationof the opportunity and process aspects of freedom. Aspects ofthe relationship between Sen's conception of freedom and thatof Marx are discussed briefly in the context of Sen's recentdiscussion of the market as a source of freedom.     

How chaebol restructuring after the 1997 crisis has affected corporate decision and performance in Korea: debt financing,ownership structure,and investment

ABSTRACT

Korean chaebol firms, characterized by excessive debt financing and overinvestment, experienced restructuring after the 1997 crisis. By reducing debt financing and thus overinvestment, they tried to reorganize financing structure and ownership structure. Chaebols’ debt reduction turns out to have improved performance. However, polarization between chaebol and non-chaebol firms has become more significant. Even after the crisis, firms that give higher cash flows to a controlling shareholder take more capital investment, indicating that agency problems still exist within chaebols. Chaebol-affiliated firms continue to be more active in R&D than non-chaebol firms. However, the pattern is limited to the group of top 10 chaebols after the crisis.

Abbreviations: KFTC: Korea Fair Trade Commission     

Types of technology

Technology is a concept rife with confusion. Here, I argue that technologies can be distinguished as a combination of type of producer and an idealized artefact life history. Using this definition, a number of technologies are identified. The first technology historically, in the Protostomes, was the production of individual or family dwellings. Next came objects such as spider webs for trapping prey. Stigmergy followed, with the social insects, as a collective endeavour to construct a mega-structure using simple rules of accretion. Some birds and primates began to make tools, or simple technological objects whose function is closely related to their form. Humans are distinguished by their ability to make machines. Traditional technology took place once people voluntarily organised into groups with specialised knowledge to produce more complex objects and structures. Monumental objects like ceremonial pyramids came with the command economies of the early agrarian societies, which also resulted in a new category of artefact, the network. Finally, with modern civilizations came ad hoc accretion, or population-level adding-on, to make truly complex technological systems. Developing a theoretical framework within which artefacts, production processes and ways of interacting with them are identified should help the study of technology to become more scientific.