我国积极财政政策"紧缩效应"的形成机制及其检验

积极财政政策的扩张性效果依赖经济周期的阶段性,积极财政政策也有可能通过货币需求的利率渠道和汇率渠道等,产生对于实际产出的紧缩影响.本文利用误差修正模型和时变参数模型,通过估计货币需求相对于实际产出的弹性系数,发现我国的财政政策仅在1996年前体现出显著的"紧缩效应",而在1996年后"紧缩效应"逐渐减弱和消失,这说明在我国宏观经济调控中,积极财政政策和稳健货币政策的组合方式和期限结构发挥了比较稳定的政策效果.     

1998年以来我国财政政策对扩大消费需求的实践效果及启示

自1998年以来,我国政府开始积极主动运用财政政策对经济进行宏观调控.扩大消费需求始终是财政政策的一项重要任务.但在实际中,财政政策对于消费需求的调控效果并不明显,对投资和消费的带动作用存在较大差异.这主要是由于财政政策工具使用上存在偏差,以及长期实施积极财政政策所导致的.因此,在新一轮积极财政政策实施的过程中,必须将调控重点转向扩大消费需求,通过使用"差异化"政策、优化支出结构、完善税制等手段刺激居民消费,真正扩大内需.     

财政政策与货币政策的协调配合

1.多方创造条件推动积极财政政策的淡出。在实施积极财政政策的过程中,必须注意调整积极财政政策的作用方式和方向,提高财政政策的效率。一定要合理限定积极财政政策的目标,力求避免财政功能的"越位"、"缺位",创造条件推进积极财政政策的功能转换,谨防积极财政政策的扩大化和长期化。这是由于,积极的财政政策     

公债杠杆：市场经济中政府宏观调控的重要手段

公债是重要的财政政策工具，公债杠杆是国家宏观调控的重要手段，财政投融资形式即“公债－－投资”杠杆，是国家调整产业结构，优化资源配置的重要工具，我国在实行积极财政政策的过程中，公债杠杆对总供给和总需求的平衡起着关键性作用，公债杠杆还是协调财政政策和金融政策的联结工具。     

财政政策有效性的理论争议与政策启示

财政政策成为我国最重要的宏观调控政策,并在熨平经济周期方面发挥重要作用.本文从理性预期理论削弱财政政策的理论基础出发,探讨了财政政策在特定条件情况下会具有显著效应,如何将货币政策调整配合可以保证财政政策效应最大.在此基础上提出了建议.     

积极财政政策的调整及趋势预测

我国积极财政政策有着极其丰富的内涵，它不同于西方国家反经济周期的积极财政政策。通过划分两种类型的积极财政政策，对我国几年来实施的积极财政政策进行评价。在此基础之上对其进行调整，同时缩减国债规模，减少赤字，实现财政平衡。在结构调整逐步完成，各项改革趋于完善，社会主义市场机制充分建立的条件下，使积极财政政策淡出，代之其他财政政策的出现。     

劳动力市场中的财政政策效应——基于中国经验数据的实证分析

在全球金融危机爆发后,中国就业在受到重创之后快速回弹,这与政府实施的积极财政政策是否相关？为此,本文通过扩展的内生经济增长模型解释财政政策就业效应的微观作用机制,并应用因子分析法实证检验中国财政政策对劳动力市场动态均衡的影响效果.研究结果发现:财政政策对稳定劳动力市场均衡具有积极作用,而且税收政策的效应强于财政支出的效应;1990-2012年以来,伴随着经济周期的波动,财政政策对劳动力市场动态均衡的影响经历了弱显性期、显性期、效用增强期三个阶段.     

财政政策直接调节供给质疑

当前，我国社会需求不足的实质是供求结构失衡的问题，因此一些学者纷纷提出今后积极财政政策应强调对供给结构的直接调节。本文认为，积极财政政策是一种“需求管理”的政策工具，并且供给结构只能通过市场无数次的“试错”过程来进行调节，因此政府用积极财政政策无法直接调节供给结构。     

我国积极财政政策风险及其防范

积极财政政策实施近3年来,在拉动经济增长方面起了一定的积极作用,但其风险也逐渐凸现出来.在发挥积极财政政策作用的同时,应积极有效地防范财政政策的风险一是在积极财政政策目标上要从片面追求年度经济增长转移到确保国民经济可持续发展上来;二是积极财政政策着力点应从拉动需求转移到改善供给上来;三是对财政政策工具的运用必须注意协调配合,同时要注意财政政策与其他经济政策及经济制度的密切配合,并处理好财政政策作用与市场机制作用的关系.     

李嘉图等价、汇率制度和经济周期

李嘉图等价在中国是否成立及其适用条件一直是宏观经济学中的讨论热点.本文在考虑经济周期和汇率制度的条件下检验了李嘉图等价在中国是否成立.考虑到李嘉图等价假说实际上检验了财政政策的有效性,本文首先根据产出缺口检验了不同经济周期对财政政策效应的影响,然后利用VAR模型检验了中国汇率制度改革对财政政策效应的影响.结论认为,财政政策在经济周期上存在不对称性,在经济扩张时效应更明显;与固定汇率制相比,浮动汇率制下财政政策的效应被削弱.     

International interdependencies in fiscal stabilization policies

Trade links imply that business cycle fluctuations are transmitted among trade partners. To the extent that fiscal policy can mitigate business cycle fluctuations international interdependencies in stabilization policies arise. We analyse in a two country general equilibrium model the role of fiscal policy in mitigating risk or providing implicit insurance in the presence of capital market imperfections and adjustment failures (rigid wages). It is shown that there is a welfare case for an active stabilization policy, and that it is larger in the presence of adjustment failures (rigid wages). Non-cooperative policy decisions imply inefficiencies in fiscal stabilization policies, which in the case of flexible wages may imply too much stabilization, whereas stabilization is always insufficient in the case of rigid wages.     

Is fiscal policy always counter- (pro-) cyclical? The role of public debt and fiscal rules

We investigate the reaction of fiscal policy to the business cycle in a panel of 56 developed, emerging and developing economies over 1990–2011. While we strengthen the established finding that fiscal policy is counter-cyclical, additional outcomes emerge from this study. We reveal a non-linear response of fiscal policy to the business cycle, conditional upon the outstanding debt stock. Interestingly, when the public debt-to-GDP ratio goes beyond our endogenously estimated threshold of 87%, fiscal policy turns pro-cyclical. To tackle this effect, we explore the role of fiscal rules (FR). We unveil heterogeneous impacts among FR, as only some of them may mitigate fiscal policy procyclicality in high-debt contexts.     

Fiscal policy,government size and EMU business cycle synchronization

We provide new evidence on the effects of fiscal policy and government size on pairwise business cycle synchronization in EMU. A novel time-varying framework is employed to estimate business cycle synchronization and subsequently a panel approach is used to establish the role of fiscal variables in determining the pairwise synchronization observations across time. The findings suggest similarities in the size of the public sector, yet divergence in fiscal policy stance, matter for the determination of business cycle synchronization. Hence, increased fiscal federalism in EMU will contribute to increased business cycle synchronization. Our results remain robust to different specifications and sub-periods.     

The macroeconomic effects of fiscal rules in the US states

Fiscal policy restrictions are often criticized for limiting the ability of governments to react to business cycle fluctuations and, consequently, the adoption of quantitative restrictions is viewed as inevitably leading to increased macroeconomic volatility. In this paper, we use data from 48 US states to investigate how budget rules affect fiscal policy outcomes. Our key findings are that (1) strict budgetary restrictions lead to lower policy volatility (i.e. less aggressive use of discretion in conducting fiscal policy) and (2) fiscal restrictions reduce the responsiveness of fiscal policy to output shocks. These two results should have opposite effects on output volatility. While less discretion should reduce volatility, less responsiveness of fiscal policy might amplify business cycles. We provide empirical support for the first effect: restrictions, by reducing discretion in fiscal policy, can reduce macroeconomic volatility.     

Swedish Postwar Business Cycles: Generated Abroad or at Home?

The relative importance of foreign and domestic shocks for the Swedish postwar business cycle is examined in a neoclassical stochastic growth model of a small open economy. Since recent research has shown that fiscal policy shocks may be important for business cycles, I extend previous work in the literature by allowing for stochastic fiscal policy. It is found that the introduction of fiscal policy improves the empirical fit of the model, although not significantly so when hours worked are detrended with the HP filter. The results suggest that domestic shocks are more important than foreign shocks for output fluctuations. Among the domestic shocks, innovations in fiscal policy seem to have been more important than technology shocks during this period. Foreign shocks are very important for fluctuations in the real exchange rate and the current account.     

Fiscal and Monetary Policy Interaction in a Simple Accelerator Model

In this paper, a simple Keynesian and discrete time multiplier ?C accelerator model is developed, which results after the inclusion of the money market and a balanced government budget constraint in Samuelson??s (1939) business cycle model. The resulted model is proved to be less stable and the evolution of income around its equilibrium is more likely to exhibit a sinusoidal way of movement. The magnitude of the main tools of fiscal and monetary policy is assumed to be determined solely by the government and the Central Bank respectively, so that income??s constant amplitude around its intertemporal equilibrium value is minimized.     

Optimal simple rules for the conduct of monetary and fiscal policy

Stabilization policy involves joint monetary and fiscal rules. We develop a model enabling us to characterize systematic simple monetary and fiscal policy over the business cycle. We principally focus on the following question. What are the key properties of the joint simple rule governing the conduct of systematic stabilization policy? We find that conducting stabilization policy incorporates not only a set of monetary policy choices governed by the so-called ‘Taylor principle’ but also fiscal policy that gives considerable force to automatic stabilizers. Recent US and UK monetary and fiscal choices seem broadly consistent with this model. This result is found to be robust to a number of alternate modeling strategies.     

Fiscal stabilization rule

The optimal fiscal stabilization rule presented in this paper is derived from a loss function where the government is assumed to keep the structural balance close to its target level and simultaneously stabilize the GDP and inflation gaps. The rule yields the size of the discretionary stabilization measures needed, in addition to automatic stabilizers, to be able to stabilize the business cycle, without compromising the sustainability of public finances. Using this policy rule and a first-order Taylor expansion of the fiscal balance, we decompose the automatic stabilizers and the discretionary fiscal policy conditional on business cycle conditions.     

HOW DO FISCAL CONSOLIDATION AND FISCAL STIMULI IMPACT ON THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF BUSINESS CYCLES?

Using quarterly data for a panel of advanced economies, we show that synchronized fiscal consolidation (stimulus) programmes in different countries make their business cycles more closely linked. We also find: (i) some evidence of decoupling when an inflation targeting regime is unilaterally adopted; (ii) an increase in business cycle synchronization when countries fix their exchange rates and become members of a monetary union; (iii) a positive effect of bilateral trade on the synchronization of business cycles. Global factors, such as a rise in global risk aversion and uncertainty and a reversal of nonstandard expansionary monetary policy, can also reduce the degree of co‐movement of business cycles across countries. From a policy perspective, our work shows that an inflation targeting regime coupled with simultaneous fiscal consolidations can lead to more business cycle synchronization.