菜籽油生物柴油技术经济评价——基于全生命周期评价方法

采用全生命周期评价方法,对菜籽油制生物柴油的二氧化碳排放量和经济性进行了评估,旨在说明用菜籽油生产生物柴油对环境的影响及其经济价值。结果表明:在用菜籽油生产生物柴油的全生命周期过程中,排放入大气中的二氧化碳量远低于从大气中吸收的二氧化碳量,油菜籽制生物柴油是一种环境友好的燃料;就经济性而言,菜籽油制生物柴油的生产成本较高,每吨约高出0#柴油3178.2元,生物柴油的商业化应用尚需等待原料成本的降低。     

生物柴油的发展思路与政策建议

生物柴油是清洁的可再生能源,具有良好的环保性能。发展生物柴油对于调整农业结构、增加农民收入、改善生态环境等具有重要意义。当前,我国生物柴油产业发展处于起步阶段,需要明确发展思路和政策：开展资源调查,制定产业发展规划;加强技术研发;培育持续稳定的市场需求,疏通销售渠道;制定生物柴油质量标准和生物柴油标准体系;加强部门之间的协调,处理好我国国内大型石油公司之间及其与民营企业、其他国有企业以及外资企业的关系。     

贵州发展生物柴油产业的调查

随着资源和环境矛盾的日趋紧张,国际石油价格的不断攀升,发展我国生物柴油产业的呼声越来越高。贵州省自2003年以来就开始关注并积极推动小油桐生产生物柴油示范工作。为了解贵州小油桐生物柴油发展情况,我们从资源潜力、果仁加工、综合利用、生态环境及产业发展前景等诸多方面,对贵州生物柴油产业发展相关问题进行了调查。     

我国生物柴油产业发展的态势分析

在能源紧缺的今天,生物柴油作为一种新型可再生能源,其作用更显重要。运用态势分析(SWOT)对我国生物柴油进行了系统分析,给出我国生物柴油发展过程中存在的优势、劣势、机遇和威胁,并进行各因素交叉分析和综合分析,得出适合我国生物柴油产业发展的战略选择,还针对我国生物柴油发展情况提出相应的发展建议。     

云南发展生物柴油产业的SWOT分析

文章对云南发展生物柴油产业作SWOT分析,试图从多个维度对云南发展生物柴油产业进行剖析,为云南生物柴油产业的发展路径提供理论支持.     

世界生物柴油的发展现状及对中国油料市场的影响

受石油价格上涨、能源安全、全球气候变化的影响,生物柴油作为石化柴油的一个有效替代品在全球范围内发展起来.当前,欧盟使用油菜籽做原料、美国和南美国家使用大豆做原料以及东南亚国家使用棕榈油做原料生产生物柴油,已经形成一定规模,并且各个国家都制定了未来的发展计划.使用油料生产生物柴油极大地影响到依赖进口来满足国内市场需求的中国油料市场.中国必须采取一定的政策措施来应对世界油料生物柴油的发展,保证食物安全.     

加快我国油菜产业能源化发展研究

本文分析了我国油菜产业的现状及现今生物柴油发展的概况,指出油菜作为生物柴油原料的独特优势,讨论了油菜生物柴油存在的问题并提出相应发展对策。     

生物柴油缘何难成“香饽饽”

随着国际油价居高不下，石油需求也呈现出快速增加趋势，既能替代石化柴油又能减少环境污染压力的生物柴油得到专家的首肯。作为一种优质替代能源，生物柴油具有良好的发展前景。[第一段]     

德国大力发展绿色燃料--生物柴油

生物柴油产业 近几年，德国生物柴油发展之迅速远远超出人们的预测，1998年生物柴油产能还只有微不足道的5万吨，至2003年则激增至100多万吨，增长近20倍。目前德国有23个企业生产生物柴油，2004年的生产能力达到了109．7万吨，占整个欧盟15国总生产能力一半以上。2003年生物柴油在德国的销量为65万吨，2004年的销量达80万吨，德国成为世界最大的生物柴油生产国和消费国。     

生物柴油何时春暖花开——访北京中天实源公司总经理谢红翔

生物柴油,是指以油料作物、野生油料植物和工程微藻等水生植物油脂以及动物油脂、餐饮垃圾油等为原料油通过酯交换工艺制成的可替代石化柴油的再生性柴油燃料。从定义中不难看出,大力发展生物柴油产业,将是解决餐饮废油重回餐桌问题、保障居民饮食安全的有效途径。     

Multi-scale integrated assessment of soybean biodiesel in Brazil

Developing counties are often believed to have excellent conditions for biofuel production, however studies aimed at assessing the sustainability of large scale biofuel programs have generally focused on a few variables related to one scientific domain and one scale. Contrary to this approach, this paper analyzes soybean biodiesel in Brazil using a parallel biophysical and economic assessment at different scales. A Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) approach is applied as a scenario analysis tool. A soybean biodiesel energy balance for the specific conditions of Brazil is included and the energy ratio turns out to be 1.09. This means that the energy delivered is higher than the energy invested, however the net energy is very low. The economic impacts are analyzed through input-output analysis. The results show that soybean biodiesel increases energy consumption per hour of work without a corresponding increase in economic labor productivity. Consequently the already low energy efficiency of Brazilian production could get worse. Although Brazil has large expanses of land, the substitution of 20% fossil diesel (i.e. just 3.3% of the country's primary energy consumption) with fully renewable biodiesel might destroy protected areas and forests and increase the GHGs emitted.     

Technological variation and the US renewable fuel standard

The US Renewable Fuel Standard contains a policy bias that undermines the three-broad policy goals of rural development, energy security, and greenhouse gas reductions. This policy bias, wherein a narrow range of options is expected to address broad societal objectives, contributes to a persistence of first-generation biofuels and limits technical variation. Renewable fuel content requirements have helped to expand the use of ethanol and biodiesel in the short term. However, long-term changes will require greater technological variation to stimulate innovation for the development of sustainable renewable fuel pathways.     

The industrial life cycle of wind energy electrical power generation: ARI methodology modeling of life cycle dynamics

This innovation assessment addresses the factors that have influenced the exceptionally lengthy industrial technology life cycle of wind electrical power generation since its inception in the late 19th Century. It then applies the recently developed Accelerated Radical Innovation (ARI) Model to understand the dynamics of this innovation compared to those of other major 18th-20th Century innovations.Despite market pull in the late 19th Century to link small DC electrical generators with hundreds of thousands of existing wind mills used for mechanical water pumping, several factors prevented this from happening. These include the intermittent nature of wind electrical generation requiring low cost battery storage and DC-AC conversion, and the shift in the 1890s from DC to superior AC electrical generation making possible economies of scale for delivering AC electricity long distances over the grid from large hydroelectric and coal fired plants. As a consequence, wind generated electricity remained primarily a technological development until the first energy crisis in the 1970s.Development of an extensive science and technology base for wind turbine dynamics, and deployment since 2000 of commercial scale wind turbines (> 1MW) have elevated wind electrical power generation to commercial practicality, as described in two earlier papers by the authors applying technical cost modeling and experience curve projections of cost of energy (COE) to explore the economic viability of large scale wind electricity generation.. Strongly promoted by wind energy communities of practice in Europe, North America and Asia, normative COE projections suggest that by 2020 wind electrical power will be cost competitive, without tax incentives, with electricity from conventional fossil and nuclear fuel sources.Overcoming technological, business, market, societal, networking and political hurdles to date has required 120years of development to establish wind electricity generation as a breakthrough innovation with the capability to capture 20% of the world electricity market by the mid-to-late 21st Century. Further growth and maturation is expected to continue to 2100, corresponding to a projected ≅ 210year overall industry life cycle at market saturation. This finding has profound implications for innovation theory and practice, since the length of this life cycle exceeds by a factor of ≅ 4 the average life cycle diagnosed for five industrial revolutions and four key 20th Century innovations. The new ARI model provides a holistic approach to understanding the dynamics of the industrial technology life cycle for a wide variety of radical innovations as well as wind electrical power.     

基于消费者视角的电动汽车全寿命周期成本模型及分析

本文以全寿命周期成本理论为基础,从消费者角度对电动汽车全寿命周期内的成本进行了全面分析,建立了电动汽车的全寿命周期成本模型,为电动汽车的保有成本估算提供了方法依据。同时,将电动汽车与燃油汽车就成本进行了比较分析。结论表明,电动汽车的全寿命周期成本远低于燃油汽车,在同等条件下理性消费者会更倾向于选择电动汽车。     

电动汽车的全寿命周期环境影响分析

本文以全寿命周期理论为基础,对电动汽车在全寿命周期过程内对环境造成的影响进行了全面分析,并将电动汽车与燃油汽车对环境造成的影响进行比较。结果表明,电动汽车在全寿命周期过程内对环境造成的污染小于内燃汽车,在可持续发展的理念下,政府应大力推动电动汽车产业的发展。     

基于全生命周期成本-效益模型的屋顶绿化综合效益评估——以Joy Garden为例

随着城市迅速扩张,高密度城市人居环境恶化,城市屋顶绿化迅速发展。从全生命周期的角度着手,定量评估屋顶绿化的成本和综合效益,建立适用于上海的屋顶绿化经济效益评估模型。将评估模型应用于Joy Garden屋顶花园,评估结果表明：在全生命周期内,Joy Garden的建筑节能效益占总效益的73.4%;与普通平屋面相比,Joy Garden的综合投入将在建成第21年与普通屋顶持平;全生命周期结束时,Joy Garden的综合投入比普通屋顶少约54.58%。建立此经济效益评估模型,有助于降低屋顶绿化的综合投入,同时引导政府针对性地制定奖励补贴措施等相关政策,推进城市屋顶绿化建设。     

柴油车生命周期的3E评价

为了确保环境的可持续发展和能源安全,寻找一种能效高、对环境友好并且经济的替代燃料汽车已迫在眉睫。因此,柴油车重新回到人们的视野中。本文建立了柴油车的生命周期评价模型,该模型从经济、环境和能源(3E)三个方面对柴油车进行了系统的评价。本文的评价结果可以为中国政府充分利用国内资源发展柴油车,进行能源、环境和经济性平衡决策提供依据。     

Biofuel policies and the environment: Do climate benefits warrant increased production from biofuel feedstocks?

We examine whether climate benefits warrant policies promoting biofuel production from agricultural crops when other environmental impacts are accounted for. We develop a general economic-ecological modelling framework for integrated analysis of biofuel policies. An economic model of farmers' decision making is combined with a biophysical model predicting the effects of farming practices on crop yields and relevant environmental impacts. They include GHG emissions over the life cycle, nitrogen and phosphorus runoff, and the quality of wildlife habitats. We apply our model to crop production in Finland. We find that under current biofuel production technology the case for promotion of biofuels is not as evident as has been generally thought. Only reed canary grass for biodiesel is unambiguously desirable, whereas biodiesel from rape seed and ethanol production from wheat and barley cause in most cases negative net impacts on the environment. Suggested policies in the US and the EU tend to improve slightly the environmental performance of biofuel production.