黑龙江省经济社会发展的城镇体系响应研究

黑龙江省经济社会发展与城镇体系呈现出较强的适应与反馈的互动关联态势,随着黑龙江省经济全球化、新型工业化、老工业基地振兴进程的推进,必然要求其城镇体系空间载体功能的强化以及发展的外向化,并认为中心城镇体系发育与职能强化、城镇发展轴带集聚能力增强、城市圈(带)功能提升与产业升级、东部城镇群产业转型与再城市化、边境城市职能优化与外向经济扩张、大小兴安岭中心城镇培育与产业生态化是黑龙江省城镇体系响应经济社会发展的主要路径.     

STATISTICAL UNITS STANDARDS AND CENTRAL REGISTER SYSTEMS: KEYS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING

National accountants, model builders and analysts who work with statistical material that has been compiled without the discipline of well-developed unit standards rules and central register controls may be constructing information systems that are basically unsound because of the uncertain nature of their building bricks of economic units.
This paper draws attention to the nature and importance of statistical unit standards and central register systems in the provision of economic statistics for economic accounting, planning and management. These are viewed as essential conceptual and operational tools for compiling economic statistics on an integrated basis and for making progress towards establishing a comprehensive data base with positive links between macro economic analysis and data about individual economic agents. Some of the problems and possibilities for countries who wish to proceed along these lines are discussed, with particular reference to the experience of Australia.     

INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING: FRAMEWORK FOR A SNA SATELLITE SYSTEM

National accounts have provided the most widely used indicators for the assessment of economic performance, trends of economic growth and of the economic counterpart of social welfare. However, two major drawbacks of national accounting have raised doubts about the usefulness of national accounts data for the measurement of long-term sustainable economic growth and socio-economic development. These drawbacks are the neglect of (a) scarcities of natural resources which threaten the sustained productivity of the economy and (b) the degradation of environmental quality from pollution and its effects on human health and welfare. In the present paper, the authors attempt to reflect environmental concerns in an accounting framework which maintains as far as possible SNA concepts and principles. To this end, the accounting framework is used to develop a "SNA Satellite System for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting" (SEEA). Environmental costs of economic activities, natural asset accounts and expenditures for environmental protection and enhancement, are presented in flow accounts and balance sheets in a consistent manner, i.e. maintaining the accounting identities of SNA. Such accounting permits the definition and compilation of modified indicators of income and expenditure, product, capital and value added, allowing for the depletion of natural resources, the degradation of environmental quality and social response to these effects. A desk study of a selected country is used to clarify the proposed approaches, to demonstrate their application in future country studies and to illustrate the quantitative effects of the use of modified concepts on the results of analysis.     

ENVIRONMENT-ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING AND INDICATORS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACTIVITIES

In this paper, we define environmental protection (EP) activities in the context of an input-output (I-O) framework. The U.S. I-O table is adjusted to separate inputs purchased by various economic sectors to abate pollution. We use I-O concepts and the I-O matrix adjusted for EP activities to derive a matrix of inputs to EP activities, which is independent of the matrix of inputs to traditional economic activities. This matrix is the basis for deriving measures of the economic importance of EP activities, including the size of EP activities relative to GNP and direct employment and indirect employment attributable to EP activities.     

THE ESTIMATION OF PRICE EFFECTS IN A SOCIAL ACCOUNTING MATRIX

The estimation of true basic prices in a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) has long been recognized as necessary in order to achieve uniform valuation of inputs for meaningful manipulation of the input-output table contained in a SAM, in order to assess the real effects of changes in demand, etc. In practice, approximate basic prices only have normally been calculated in order to avoid matrix inversion among other things. It is equally the case that true basic prices are required if one wishes to assess the price-raising effects of commodity taxes. It is shown through an example that approximate basic prices, as conventionally calculated, are inadequate and potentially misleading for this as indeed they are for achieving uniformity of valuation. There are also problems with the present procedure for calculating true basic prices.
An alternative method of calculating true basic prices is given, which has various advantages over the existing method, and a new approximate method is also derived which appears to represent a definite improvement on the present method. For the main purpose of the paper, however, the prices of concern are those charged by producers to which the methodology equally applies.     

长春市经济技术开发区对长春市的经济贡献研究

文章从经济发展水平与经济结构水平、经济发展潜力、经济发展活力和宏观经济效益等四个方面分析了长春市经济技术开发区的综合经济效益。从时间变化来看,其综合经济效益不断提升;从空间比较来看,其综合经济效益也大大高于长春市、吉林省和全国,说明长春市经济技术开发区作为产业集群的一种形式,已呈现出良好的集聚经济的特征。在此基础上,文章着重研究了其对长春市经济发展的总量贡献和结构贡献,认为长春经济技术开发区在增加经济总量、优化所有制结构、提升工业化水平、促进新老城区一体化等方面对长春市均有着明显的影响。     

AN HISTORICAL SOCIAL ACCOUNTING MATRIX FOR THE NETHERLANDS (1938)

This article presents an historical Social Accounting Matrix (1938) for the Netherlands, including related, non-monetary tables on demographic characteristics, employment, etc.     

我国的经济类型区和综合经济区划分新探

对于我国经济类型区的划分,提出以五分法(沿海区、近海内陆区、内陆核心区、深远内陆区、沿边区)来取代传统的东、中、西三分法,并根据五大类型区的区位条件,对其各自的发展前景和未来全国的地域分工格局提出了初步设想。在经济类型区“五分法”的基础上再通过合纵连横来划定综合经济区,把全国分为五大辐射圈(每个辐射圈都由辐射源和受辐射区两部分所组成)和四个独立辐射区。辐射圈和独立辐射区都是对综合经济区的表述形式。     

ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE: AN APPLICATION TO GREEK MANUFACTURING

To comprehend the impact of public infrastructure on economic performance this paper provides a measure of productivity growth as derived from duality theory. This productivity growth is decomposed into the components of technical change, returns to scale and the effects of public infrastructure, the variable of our interest. In an application, we opt for Greek manufacturing so as to investigate whether the decline in its growth rate is partly explained by public infrastructure. Despite some variation in the estimation results of shadow shares across industries, public infrastructure asserts a cost saving effect in most industries, though it also appears that traditional labour‐intensive industries with lower level of technological advancement do not benefit from the provision of public infrastructure. The estimation results further demonstrate that while public infrastructure enhanced productivity growth over the sample period for most industries, low infrastructure investment in the 1970s and the 1980s undermined productivity growth.     

INVENTORY ACCOUNTING AND PROFIT EVALUATION

In an inventory model with exogenous sales, FIFO and LIFO criteria are formalized and compared with national account estimates for intermediate and finished good products. The model is simulated by utilizing manufacturing input and output prices for Italy (1970–88). LIFO and national account estimates of inventory are usually close and also imply reliable measures of output level and changes which can be shown by solving the quantity model. Conversely, FIFO exhibits larger profits and leads in real terms to unsatisfactory estimates of output changes.     

唐山市跨世纪发展定位及经济社会发展战略优势与机遇

本文通过实地调研把唐山跨世纪经济社会发展的战略定位为环渤海地区经济核心区的重要组成部分,京津唐地区以能源原材料及深加工工业为主的新兴沿海港口城市,华北地区主要经贸中心之一和外向型经济的重要基地及冀东地区中心城市。围绕城市发展定位,今后唐山将积极发挥生产供应功能、双向服务功能和新港带动功能,并对进一步发展的战略优势和发展机遇及面临的挑战做了分析。