高管法律执业经历、内部控制与上市公司违法行为研究

许多上市公司拥有法律从业背景的董事、监事、高管，知法懂法的他们可能会更加依法办事，但也有可能因为对法律的了解以及应对法律问题的自信而进行更多操控，导致公司更易卷入诉讼案件中。本文使用Logit模型，将上市公司按照是否存在内控缺陷进行分组，检验具备法律执业背景的高管所在公司是否更容易被卷入诉讼纠纷。实证和稳健性检验的结果均显示，管理层拥有法律执业经历人员比例越高的上市公司反而越容易卷入被起诉纠纷，但是更好的内部控制会削弱这种情况的发生。本文丰富了高管特质与企业表现相关研究，也为上市公司审慎选择公司高管、加强内部控制、规范经营行为提供了有益启示。     

Stock market reactions to announcements of the board of directors: evidence from Italy

The board of directors plays an important role in corporate governance. It is an internal mechanism that controls and monitors the actions of managers and aligns the utility functions between corporate owners and managers. The board of directors performs multiple functions that concern, for example, the replacement of the managers, financial policy, the preparation of strategic plans and other actions that affect the performance of the company. The board plays an important role since on the one hand it controls the actions of management and on the other it advises the management regarding the strategies to be adopted. In this study, 100 announcements regarding the appointment of the board of directors of 100 Italian listed companies during the period 2012–2014 are investigated. The results show a positive reaction within 20 days around the announcement date. In four of the six time windows, cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) are positive and statistically significant. The positive reaction of the market would appear, however, to be linked more to the composition of the board of directors than to the size of the board of directors.     

The governance of agro- and pharmaceutical biotechnology innovation: Public policy and industrial strategy

Multinational companies in the life science sector are heavily influenced by government policies and regulations and in turn attempt to influence these actors nationally and internationally. This paper focuses on recent and on-going research, principally on the agro-biotechnology and, to a lesser extent, on the pharmaceutical industries, covering the evolution of policy and regulation in Europe, how policies are influenced by stakeholder pressures and how policy in turn influences company strategies for product development. We focus particularly on new 'governance' agendas in Europe and consider the relative impacts of enabling, constraining, discriminating and indiscriminate policies on company strategies as part of our development of an integrated approach to policy and governance. We also consider changes in external operating environments for multinational companies and compare past histories and present pressures on agro-biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. The paper argues, with evidence, that a more enabling and discriminating policy and regulatory environment can achieve public goals more efficiently and effectively, taking account of impacts on innovation, than more blunt policy instruments. This type of environment takes into account the resources and capabilities available to firms and research laboratories rather than relying on broad brush carrot and stick approaches.     

The governance of agro- and pharmaceutical biotechnology innovation: Public policy and industrial strategy

Multinational companies in the life science sector are heavily influenced by government policies and regulations and in turn attempt to influence these actors nationally and internationally. This paper focuses on recent and on-going research, principally on the agro-biotechnology and, to a lesser extent, on the pharmaceutical industries, covering the evolution of policy and regulation in Europe, how policies are influenced by stakeholder pressures and how policy in turn influences company strategies for product development. We focus particularly on new ‘governance’ agendas in Europe and consider the relative impacts of enabling, constraining, discriminating and indiscriminate policies on company strategies as part of our development of an integrated approach to policy and governance. We also consider changes in external operating environments for multinational companies and compare past histories and present pressures on agro-biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. The paper argues, with evidence, that a more enabling and discriminating policy and regulatory environment can achieve public goals more efficiently and effectively, taking account of impacts on innovation, than more blunt policy instruments. This type of environment takes into account the resources and capabilities available to firms and research laboratories rather than relying on broad brush carrot and stick approaches.     

媒体关注与公司现金股利支付*

随着中国证监会针对上市公司现金股利支付行为的一系列政策的出台,公司的现金股利支付行为成为广受热议的重点话题。本文从媒体关注视角研究了中国上市公司的现金股利支付行为。通过实证研究,本文得到如下研究结论：（1）媒体关注的增多可以显著提高公司未来股利支付意愿和支付水平;（2）媒体关注与“铁公鸡”公司、“微股利”公司的比例显著负相关;（3）与国有控股公司相比,媒体关注对民营控股公司未来股利支付意愿和支付水平的正面影响更为显著;（4）媒体关注对第一类和第二类代理问题更严重的公司的现金股利支付意愿和支付水平的正向影响更强。进一步的研究还显示,媒体关注与现金股利支付意愿和支付水平的正相关关系在管理层持股比例低、非国际四大会计师事务所审计、分析师跟踪少的公司样本中更显著。以上结论说明媒体关注是除行政治理外,另外一种督促上市公司支付现金股利的重要机制。本文除了具有丰富媒体治理和股利政策两方面理论研究的贡献外,对监管机构规范资本市场股利支付行为和保护投资者权益具有重要政策启示。     

能源企业战略成本管理研究———以市场竞争环境为调节变量

从实证研究的角度研究了员工参与、全面质量管理和内部协调对能源企业战略成本管理绩效的影响,以及市场竞争环境的调节效应。通过对国内能源企业的问卷调研,利用调研数据对模型进行了统计检验,得到了实证研究结果。研究结果表明：员工参与、全面质量管理和内部协调对对能源企业的战略成本管理绩效有显著的正向影响;市场竞争环境显著调节了内部协调与战略成本管理绩效之间的关系,而对员工参与和全面质量管理与战略成本管理绩效之间的关系无显著的调节作用。本文的研究结论可以为能源企业的战略成本管理提供理论借鉴。     

A role for preferred stock in the financing decision of a public utility

Summary We have shown that preferred stock has a unique role in the financing of public utility capital expenditures, particulary when returns allowed by regulatory commissions are perceived to be inadequate. From the firm's perspective there is no tax advantage for debt because the commission effectively passes the tax savings through the consumers. If allowed returns on common stock are inadequate and the firm has exhausted its perceived debt capacity, then preferred stock becomes the optimal financing instrument. The regulatory commissions compute the costs of debt and preferred stock so that companies can expect returns to cover payments on debt and preferred stock if the assets being financed are necessary and will be included in the rate base. During extremely bad years when revenues are much less than expected, the companies can delay or miss preferred stock dividends without running the risk of default. The data on new capital sources for the electric and gas utilities indicate that these companies made adjustments which are consistent with the implications of our model, but they did not follow the extreme policy of using only debt and preferred stock when market-to-book ratios for common stock were below one. Regulators have, on occasions, used capital structures for rate-making that differ from actual capital structures, and a utility might be penalized for using an extreme capital structure policy. The main emphasis of regulatory review of capital structure, however, has been on the debt component. One strategy would be to use a debt level that satisfies the regulatory commission and then adjust equity between preferred stock and common stock to maximize value for common stockholders.     

融资结构与企业自主创新*——来自中国战略性新兴产业A股上市公司的经验证据

本文以中国2010-2012年战略性新兴产业A股上市公司为样本,考察了企业融资结构与企业自主创新之间的关系。本文的经验研究发现：（1）内部融资对战略性新兴产业上市企业自主创新有显著的正面效应;（2）股权融资与战略性新兴产业上市企业自主创新之间存在着显著的正相关关系;（3）债权融资对战略性新兴产业上市企业的自主创新具有抑制作用。在考虑企业异质性之后,上述结论对融资约束程度低、年轻和小规模企业同样适用,但融资约束程度高、成熟和大规模企业自主创新则主要依赖于内部融资。进一步分析表明,在战略性新兴产业中,不同产权性质企业的融资结构对企业自主创新的影响存在一定的差异。在中央及地方政府控股的企业中,融资结构与企业自主创新之间的关系并不显著;在私有产权的企业中,企业自主创新主要依赖于内部融资和股权融资,债权融资对企业自主创新产生负面效应。本文还发现,企业集团化经营也在很大程度上影响了融资结构与企业自主创新之间的关系。本文具有深刻的政策含义,在企业内部融资相对稳定情况下,应该大力发展股权融资市场,提高企业直接融资比重,降低企业的杠杆率水平,以达到促进战略性新兴产业自主创新的目的。     

中国亏损上市公司盈余管理研究

盈余管理的研究已有近30年的历史。近年随着中国资本市场的建立和发展,盈余管理成为实证会计研究的一个重要领域和热点问题。然而过度的盈余管理行为会干扰盈余信息使用者,也会损害投资人等企业外部相关人的利益．甚至扰乱市场秩序,影响资本市场的健康发展。对亏损上市公司盈余管理的研究,不仅有助于证券监管机构对上市公司的管理,而且可以通过问题的发现找到原因并提出科学可行的内外部综合防范措施,提高中国证券市场的资源配置功能。     

股权集中度视角下高管团队特征对现金股利政策的影响

现金股利政策是上市公司对盈利进行分配或留存用于再投资的决策问题,在公司经营中起着至关重要的作用。探究了高管团队特征(规模、年龄、性别、学历背景)对企业现金股利政策的影响,研究发现管理团队的规模越大、平均年龄越大,企业现金股利支付率越高,表明企业管理团队人数越多,年龄越大,越容易采用较高的股利支付率,而管理团队的平均学历越高,越倾向于选择较低的现金股利分配率。说明更高学历的管理层认为,较低的现金股利支付水平才是有利于企业发展的股利支付水平。男性管理层和女性管理者对企业支付现金股利的高低并没有明显的差异。进一步研究发现,企业的股权越集中,管理者的特征对现金股利政策的影响会被弱化。也就是说,股权集中度会显著削弱管理者特征对公司现金股利政策的影响,该实证结果也印证了上市公司中代理问题的普遍存在。研究结果可为企业管理团队的合理配置提出可以借鉴的依据以及实证结果的支持。     

A note on trade liberalization and common pool resources

Abstract.  When countries share access to a common resource stock, optimal management is based on strategic considerations. We develop a general equilibrium model and show that regulatory policies are strategic substitutes under autarky. Trade liberalization not only changes relative prices, but may change the qualitative nature of the game between jurisdictions. In the small country case with exogenous prices, regulatory policies become strategic complements. In the context of a two‐country model, policies remain strategic substitutes but the factors that drive policy changes differ from those under autarky and the small country case. The implications for conservation and resource management are discussed.     

企业战略激进度、管理者变更与技术距离

把握战略激进度是企业绩效提升的关键，以往研究未关注战略激进度对企业技术距离的影响。以中国A股制造业上市公司数据为样本，使用系统GMM检验企业战略激进度与技术距离间的关系，以及管理者变更的调节作用。结果发现：企业战略激进度与技术距离之间存在U型关系，即分析型战略有助于技术距离缩小，但进攻型和防御型战略不利于缩小技术距离。在管理者变更频率较高的企业中，战略激进度与技术距离间的U型关系更显著。进一步研究表明，战略激进度与技术距离间的U型关系在竞争程度相对较低的行业中表现更显著。相比于职业经理人，由控股股东继任董事长或总经理，以及在较少继任者两职兼任的情景下，管理者变更的调节作用更显著。     

Commissioning Design: Evidence from the Furniture Industry

Design is defined as a strategic competency that can be utilized in order to create new objects, artifacts (i.e. products), systems and services, starting with some idea about customer needs. Since the products and services from the design process are of strategic importance to the company, design knowledge itself can become a strategic asset. Although one might expect design to be an internal resource from the point of view of transaction costs, most companies only possess some design competencies and acquire creative design skills from design consultants. The important issue is how they delineate what is strategic and what is not strategic, but skills. The article is based on two case studies from the furniture industry in which the companies have found different solutions. In the paper we therefore explain the differences in terms of the resource-based view on strategy. This indicates different conceptions of design resources, operating in different, but comparable contexts.     

Commissioning Design: Evidence from the Furniture Industry

Design is defined as a strategic competency that can be utilized in order to create new objects, artifacts (i.e. products), systems and services, starting with some idea about customer needs. Since the products and services from the design process are of strategic importance to the company, design knowledge itself can become a strategic asset. Although one might expect design to be an internal resource from the point of view of transaction costs, most companies only possess some design competencies and acquire creative design skills from design consultants. The important issue is how they delineate what is strategic and what is not strategic, but skills. The article is based on two case studies from the furniture industry in which the companies have found different solutions. In the paper we therefore explain the differences in terms of the resource-based view on strategy. This indicates different conceptions of design resources, operating in different, but comparable contexts.     

Domestic Unionization and the Political Economy of Strategic Export Policy

This paper examines the effect of lobbying by a labor union and its parent firm on the argument for strategic export policy in a third market-unionized duopoly. The lobbying-induced export policy frequently deteriorates domestic welfare as compared with free trade. It is true that the politically-determined export policy can improve domestic welfare if the union's bargaining power is strong and the domestic government's responsiveness to political contributions is weak. However, even if the conditions are met, implementing the lobbying-induced export policy will not enhance domestic welfare more than improving labor–management relations. Moreover, the improvement of their relations will be hampered by the opportunity of their lobbying. These results indicate that strategic export policy toward a unionized duopoly should be restrained in light of political economy.     

Environmental adders in the real world

This paper evaluates the use of environmental ‘adders’ as a regulatory instrument. It evaluates their likely performance in meeting the policy objective of social costing given the changes in the electric utility industry's structure and in environmental policy since the efforts to estimate these costs were initiated. The prognosis is largely negative — suggesting that environmental adders are inconsistent with the increased competition already underway in the utility industry, as well as with the trend toward greater use of true market-based approaches to environmental policy that are not subject to detailed economic regulation.     

财务公司在集团公司的功能定位和现实挑战

我国财务公司在功能定位上存在缺失,实质上只发挥了结算中心和内部银行的功能,在投融资和外汇业务等方面仍受到政策管制,在风险管理方面则缺少有针对性的管理手段。完善财务公司在集团内的功能,势必需要财务公司在功能定位上向战略性财务控股公司的方向发展,在经营模式上向行业银行或集团金融平台的方向发展,在风险管理上向更精细化的方向发展。     

European Alliance and Knowledge Networks1

This paper presents an exploratory exercise to characterize the nature of inter-organizational networks and the strategic positioning of companies in five industrial sectors: pharmaceuticals, plastics, computers, electronics and instruments. Two types of networks in each sector are analysed: knowledge networks based on patent citations and technology alliance networks based on strategic partnerships. Three sets of results with significant policy and strategy implications underline both the need for better understanding of the social/competitive context within which companies operate and the utility of social network analysis in achieving this goal. First, apparent differences in the networking behaviour in ‘simple technology’ sectors (pharmaceuticals) vis-à-vis networking behaviour in ‘complex technology’ sectors (computers, electronics and instruments) are indicated. Second, a difference between knowledge and alliance networks across all examined sectors is pointed out in terms of their effectiveness as channels of knowledge communication. Third, apparent differences in the competitive positioning of European firms and firms from the United States and Japan in the examined sectoral knowledge networks may reveal significant variance in inter-continental business strategy.     

投资者关系管理对我国上市公司市值管理影响的实证研究

上市公司对外信息披露是投资者关系管理的主要业务内容,在排除宏观等方面影响的条件下,单从信息披露这一因素进行分析,运用单一指数模型对目标公司的信息披露数量与股价波动趋势之间的关系进行回归分析。这一模型的结论表明：投资者关系管理对上市公司的市值管理具有正相关性影响。但在理性人假设和弱有效市场中,投资者关系管理没有立竿见影的效果,战略投资者需假以时日地对公司进行跟踪分析,做出理性的投资决策,进而从影响股价方面发掘和创造公司价值。     

管理层能力、内部控制与融资约束

基于上市公司内部控制体系建立的过程中,管理层能力的不同而带来的差异,本文选取2012-2017年A股上市公司作为研究样本,研究内部控制与融资约束的关系,以及管理层能力对其关系的影响。研究发现：内部控制质量越高,企业融资约束程度越低；管理层能力对公司的内部控制与融资约束的关系具有调节作用,即管理层能力较高的公司,内部控制能更多的缓解融资约束程度。同时相比而言,在管理层能力较高的上市公司中,相对于国有上市公司,非国有上市公司的内部控制对融资约束的缓解作用相对较显著。