融资约束限制中国企业出口参与吗?

中国贸易增长模式的转变有赖于企业出口的扩展边际,而企业的出口参与行为取决于异质性。本文基于新新贸易理论,运用世界银行投资环境调查数据,使用probit模型重点考察了企业融资约束异质性对中国企业出口可能性的影响。研究结果表明,外源融资约束是限制企业出口参与的重要因素。进一步,本文发现企业出口参与对外源融资约束的依赖程度因所有制不同存在差异。国有企业和外资企业外源融资约束对出口参与的影响不显著;而民营企业外源融资约束对其出口参与起到显著的作用。另外,区分出口企业类型的检验结果显示,外源融资约束限制了企业的初始出口,而对于保持出口商地位的作用并不明显。     

金融发展与中国省区制造业出口的二元边际

本文考察了金融发展对中国省区制造业出口二元边际的影响。在控制了各省区要素禀赋和选取工具变量克服模型的内生性后发现,金融发展对制造业出口的可能性和出口量均有积极影响,对于高外部融资依赖型和低资产抵押率行业而言,金融发展的作用尤为显著。因此,为了实现我国贸易结构优化和升级,必须加大金融支持力度,提高信贷供给的效率。     

流动性约束与企业出口二元边际——来自中国工业企业的经验证据

基于新新贸易理论,运用1998-2007年中国工业企业的面板数据,采用Heckman两阶段选择模型考察了流动性约束对中国企业出口行为的影响。研究结论表明,流动性约束是影响我国企业是否出口及出口企业出口数量的重要因素。相比于集约边际,流动性约束对企业出口扩展边际的作用更为显著。同时,进一步的研究表明,上述结论主要存在于私营企业和混合所有制企业内,国有企业和集体企业的出口基本不受流动性约束的影响。     

FDI、融资约束与企业创新

企业创新投入不足是制约我国整体创新进程的重要因素。基于我国上市公司面板数据,本文从融资约束的角度研究了FDI对企业研发投资的影响。研究表明:融资约束是制约我国私人企业研发投资的重要因素,但它对国有企业的影响却不明显;FDI通过"直接注资"和"信贷引导"两种方式有效缓解了外资背景企业的融资约束,但"信贷引导"只适用于具有外资背景的私人企业,它对具有外资背景的国有企业影响有限;FDI能够改善行业融资约束问题,却不能缓解行业内私人企业研发资金的不足,进入该行业的信贷资金仍主要集中在国有企业,而没有外资背景的私人企业仍无法得到金融支持,FDI在缓解企业融资约束的过程中不具有企业间溢出效应。     

贸易便利化对中国相对出口结构的非对称性影响——来自产业层面的经验证据

在分析贸易便利化对贸易影响机制的基础上,借鉴Kancs(2007)的异质性企业贸易模型,考察2004-2007年贸易便利化对中国谷物磨制品制造业双边相对出口二元边际的影响。研究表明,中国相对贸易伙伴国贸易便利化水平的提升主要促进了相对扩展边际,抑制了相对集约边际,且对相对扩展边际促进要大于对相对集约边际抑制。上述结论对于不同的贸易便利化指标稳健。另外,中国贸易便利化水平的提升主要促进相对扩展边际,抑制相对集约边际;而中国贸易伙伴国贸易便利化水平的提升对相对集约边际有显著促进作用,却显著抑制相对扩展边际。由此,文章认为中国应根据贸易结构优化和产业发展的需要,选择有针对性的贸易便利化政策和国际合作。     

异质性企业、结构转型与稳定出口

通过构建异质性企业、结构转型和出口增长的二元边际理论模型,本文认为转型国家出口增长主要沿集约边际实现的原因与其农业剩余劳动力有关,农业剩余劳动力越多,出口增长的集约边际越大、扩展边际越小。利用Tobit模型对1995-2009年中国出口到123个国家的HS-6位码贸易数据进行实证分析,在控制其他影响因素的前提下,我国农业剩余劳动力非农转移显著正向影响出口增长集约边际、负向影响扩展边际的效应确实存在。经济规模、贸易成本、人民币升值、区域经济一体化、外部冲击、语言的相通性、政治体制等变量对中国出口增长二元边际的影响机制不完全相同,表明要提高出口增长中的扩展边际比重,出口企业应实施市场多元化战略,将目标市场从传统高收入国家转移到发展中国家来,实现出口的稳定增长。     

中国金融发展对创业板高新技术企业融资约束影响的实证研究

构建了二元离散Logistic模型,利用2008—2013年在中国创业板上市的高新技术企业的非平衡面板数据,结合企业特征,从金融中介发展、创业板发展和风险投资发展三个方面实证分析了中国金融发展对企业融资约束的影响。结果显示:规模越大、年龄越大的企业面临的融资约束越严重;现阶段金融中介发展和创业板发展并未缓解企业的融资约束,且对规模较小的企业的融资约束具有更大的抑制作用,风险投资发展在一定程度上缓解了企业的融资约束。     

中国对外贸易成本分解与出口增长的二元边际

"新新贸易理论"为研究贸易的集约边际和扩展边际提供了理论基础,使其成为研究贸易增长方式的新维度。文章运用2001-2011年中国与30个主要国家(地区)的HS-6位数细分产品贸易数据,在对中国出口增长二元边际进行特征性事实描述的基础上,通过细分贸易成本的各种构成要素,探讨了中国对外贸易成本各组成部分对中国出口增长二元边际的作用机制。结果表明:中国的出口增长仍然主要归功于集约边际的拉动作用,与扩展边际相比,集约边际更具有"绝对主导、小幅震荡、稳步增加"的特征;不同贸易成本构成因素对二元边际的影响不同。总体上看,"距离在消亡"的同时,与一国实体经济相关的成本因素对集约边际的影响更大,而扩展边际则更多地受到外部冲击以及文化、法律等软环境因素的影响。     

信贷融资对异质性企业出口参与的影响* ——基于商业信贷和银行信贷角度的理论和实证分析

本文在新新贸易理论框架下，基于商业信贷和银行信贷的综合视角，系统研究了信贷融资对异质性企业出口参与的影响。本文重点围绕商业信贷对银行信贷的促进作用展开分析，从企业层面为中国出口增长“奇迹”提供来自金融视角的证据。本文在异质企业出口模型中引入商业信贷和银行信贷，论证商业信贷和银行信贷通过缓解出口成本融资约束影响企业出口参与，并运用中国制造业企业和IVprobit估计方法进行实证检验。本文发现：（1）改善商业信贷和银行信贷融资状况会提高企业出口概率；（2）商业信贷对银行信贷的促进作用有利于企业参与出口；（3）商业信贷对企业出口参与的作用不受企业所有制、企业规模、行业竞争性和企业出口固定成本差异的影响，银行信贷的作用则受上述差异的影响，商业信贷对银行信贷的促进作用受企业所有制和企业规模差异的影响。因此，发展信贷融资、建立商业信贷和银行信贷的互融互通机制，是加快中国出口增长的重要举措。     

中小银行发展与中小企业融资约束——新结构经济学最优金融结构理论视角下的经验研究

要素禀赋结构决定了中小企业是中国当前最优产业结构中的主要企业类型,中小企业存在融资约束也已然成为各界共识。然而遗憾的是,束缚中小企业发展的瓶颈至今没有突破。文章基于新结构经济学最优金融结构理论视角,以欧拉方程投资模型为基础,利用2006-2011年中小企业板上市公司数据和一阶差分GMM估计方法,系统考察了中小银行发展对于缓解中小企业融资约束的重要性。研究发现,银行中介与金融市场的比例构成、金融发展和贷款利率浮动这三个因素对中小企业融资约束具有重要影响的判断无法获得经验证据的支持,而中小银行发展则显著降低了企业投资对现金流的敏感性,有效缓解了中小企业融资约束。同时,稳健性检验表明,中小企业投资对现金流的敏感性源于融资约束而非代理冲突。文章的政策含义是,与推动总量上的金融发展及放松利率管制相比,以发展中小银行为核心内容的金融结构改革应在中国金融改革中占优先地位。     

Multidimensional financial development,exporter behavior and export diversification

Financial development shapes export sector performance because exporters need external finance and face credit constraints. Previous empirical research has relied largely on single-country studies. The Exporter Dynamics Database (EDD), which features firm-level exports from over 60 countries, reveals differences in the microstructure of the export sector across countries. In this paper, we first provide new evidence that these differences are related to cross-country variation in financial development and structure. Second, we combine the EDD and multidimensional data on financial development with a global database on export diversification. This study is the first to examine how macrolevel export diversification is determined by the microcharacteristics of the export sector. This approach is novel in the empirical literature on export diversification. According to our cross-country analysis, access to domestic financial services positively contributes to export diversification by increasing the number of small exporters, as financial services ease the credit constraints these exporters face.     

Financial Constraints and the Extensive and Intensive Margin of Firm Exports: Panel Data Evidence from China

Some theoretical work suggests credit constraints to hamper exports while other work suggests that they deter firms' sales at large. Hence, credit constraints might reduce the export–sales ratio or not. This paper assesses the role of credit constraints for the export–sales ratio at the firm level. We explore this hypothesis empirically, using cross‐section and panel data on Chinese enterprises compiled by the National Bureau of Statistics of China. We approximate credit constraints by a firm's ratio of liquid debt to sales and, alternatively, the ratio of liquid assets to total assets. In particular, we estimate the impact of these financial fundamentals on the extensive and the intensive margins of firm‐level exports in two‐part fractional response models. Fixed effects panel regressions point to a negative relationship between export–sales ratios and credit constraints only at the extensive margin.     

Exchange rate disconnect and financial constraints —evidence from Chinese firms

One puzzling observation in international economics is the lack of response of exports to exchange rate fluctuations. Employing the most comprehensive export data from China for the 2000–2007 period, we provide sector- and firm-level evidence that the response of exports to exchange rate movements depends crucially on the level of financial constraints. For sectors with large financial constraints, the response is small, whereas, for less financially constrained sectors, the response can be much larger, with the estimated elasticity decreasing with the sector's degree of financial constraints. At the firm-level, financial constraints affect the firm's response to exchange rate shocks at both the intensive and the extensive margins. At the intensive margin, financial constraints dampen the effect of exchange rate on exports by restricting the firm's export value to the existing destination market; at the extensive margin, financial constraints restrict the number of firms participating in exporting, the number of firm-product pairs being exported, and the probability of entering a new destination market.     

Disentangling barriers to internationalization

Abstract. Recent literature on multinational firms has focused on low productivity as a barrier to the internationalization of firms. But labour market frictions or financial constraints may also hamper internationalization. In order to assess the importance of these barriers, we present new empirical evidence on the extensive and intensive margin of exports and foreign direct investment (FDI) based on micro‐level data of German firms. First, we find a positive impact of firm size and productivity on firms’ international activities. Second, labour market frictions can constitute barriers to foreign activities. Third, self‐reported financial constraints have no impact on firms’ internationalization decisions. JEL classification: F23, G2     

Financial factors and the margins of trade: Evidence from cross-country firm-level data

Using a large cross-country, firm-level database containing 5000 firms in 9 developing and emerging economies, we study how financial factors affect both firms' export decisions and the amount exported by firms. First, our results highlight the importance of the impact of firms' access to finance on their entry decision into the export market. However, better financial health neither increases the probability of remaining an exporter once the firm has entered, nor the size of exports. Second, we find that financial constraints create a disconnection between firms' productivity and their export status: productivity is only a significant determinant of the export decision if the firm has a sufficient access to external finance. Finally, an increase in a country's financial development dampens this disconnection, thus acting both on the number of exporters and on the exporters' selection process. These results contribute to the literature documenting the role of fixed costs and of the extensive margin of trade in total trade adjustment, and provide micro-level evidence of the positive impact of financial development on trade found by previous literature.     

Causal relationship between apparel exports and macroeconomic factors

Apparel exports make a significant contribution to economic growth in major apparel exporting economies such as Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between apparel export growth and its determinants such as GDP growth, infrastructure, financial development, foreign direct investment (FDI) and labour productivity using panel data from 11 major apparel exporting countries for the period 1996 to 2013. The results confirm a long-run equilibrium association among the variables and reveal that GDP growth, infrastructure, financial development, FDI, and labour productivity have a significant positive influence on apparel export growth. Furthermore, the heterogeneous panel non-causality test results suggest that GDP growth, infrastructure and labour productivity contribute to apparel export growth in the short-run. These findings have several policy implications for the governments of the countries under study.     

Foreign direct investment, regional market conditions and regional development

This paper uses regional panel data to investigate the mechanism whereby foreign direct investment (FDI) has contributed to China's regional development through quantifying regional marketization levels. It is found that FDI inflow generates a demonstration effect in identifying regional market conditions for investment in fixed assets and hence affects industrial location. In addition, its effects on regional export and regional income growth have varied across east, central and west China since the second half of the 1990s, depending on differences in FDI orientation between different regions. In east China, geographical advantage in exports attracts FDI inflow and FDI promotes exports. In addition, the rise of the FDI–GDP ratio increases east China's share in national industrial value added. These effects contribute positively to regional income growth in east China although there is a direct crowding‐out effect between FDI and domestic investment (as input) in growth. In contrast, the negative impact of FDI inflow on regional export orientation in central China weakens its contribution to regional income growth. Furthermore, the contribution of the improvement in the market mechanism to regional development is evidenced in attracting FDI, in promoting export and directly contributing to regional income growth.     

融资约束与企业出口行为:基于工业企业数据的经验研究

采用2000—2007年的3万多家工业企业数据,本文构造了包括内源融资、商业信贷以及企业信用特征等变量的企业融资约束综合指标。基于Heckman选择模型的经验研究表明,企业融资状况的改善不仅能提高企业出口的概率,而且对其出口规模也有重要影响。研究还发现融资状况改善对外资企业出口影响最显著;与国有企业相比,民营企业虽受到更严重的融资约束,但其出口表现并未更差。此外,融资状况改善对那些高外源融资依赖度行业的企业出口具有更明显的促进作用。     

贸易成本、企业出口动态与出口增长的二元边际-基于中国出口企业微观数据:2000-2005

本文基于企业异质性贸易理论框架,利用中国海关数据从企业层面将中国出口增长分解为扩展边际(出口企业数量)与集约边际(单位企业的平均出口额),描述了中国企业出口动态和二元边际结构,并考察不同贸易成本的作用机制。结果发现,2000—2005年间尽管扩展边际的波动幅度远大于集约边际,中国出口的增长仍大部分是由持续出口企业的贸易额扩大实现的;各种因素对二元边际的作用机制和程度不尽相同,经济规模、距离和贸易成本的变动主要通过扩展边际影响贸易流量。     

我国“走出去”战略的实施与贸易扩张:互补还是替代?

利用中国对外投资综合增长率和出口总额增量的时间序列数据,考察我国走出去战略实施对我国贸易扩张的积极作用,研究中对数据分别进行了单位根检验,并讨论变量之间的协整关系和Granger因果关系。研究发现:在长期,中国对外直接投资对出口存在创造效应,并且对外直接投资是出口贸易增长的Granger原因;在长期,中国出口增长同样是对外直接投资增长的Granger原因。中国对外直接投资促进了出口的发展,与出口的增长之间为互补关系。从理论分析与实证分析两个角度都得出了中国对外直接投资促进出口贸易的发展,优化出口商品结构的结论。