贸易自由化条件下发展中国家经济与环境关系的一般分析——基于环境库兹涅茨曲线的分析

经济发展与环境保护是当代发展中国家突出的两项任务,环境库兹涅茨曲线解释了发展中国家经济与环境的相互关系.然而,在贸易自由化和环境优先保护贸易保护论的双重影响下,发展中国家面临贸易竞争与环境保护的双重压力.文章在借鉴前人对环境库兹涅茨曲线关于经济与环境关系解释的基础上,指出环境优先新贸易保护论削弱了发展中国家贸易竞争力,在贸易自由化下发达国家通过污染转移加剧了发展中国家的环境压力.最后提出应通过对环境资源产权改革、技术进步等一系列措施来消除"环境库兹涅茨曲线"宿命论的影响.     

中国西部地区的农村经济发展与自然生态环境的可持续性研究

本文利用我国西部一些地区的县级统计数据,检验了人口压力假说和环境库兹涅茨曲线假说。作者的研究支持环境库兹涅茨曲线假说,并且表明,只要做好生态环境保护和建设工作,西部地区将能够迎来农村经济发展和自然生态环境改善并行不悖的可持续发展局面。     

经济发展、对外贸易与环境关系问题研究综述

随着经济全球化与贸易自由化的飞速发展,以及环境问题的日益严峻,对外贸易与环境关系问题日益受到重视。学术研究的重点主要集中在经济发展与环境之间是否存在环境库兹涅茨曲线,以及对外贸易是否影响环境发展两个方面。文章对相关文献进行了梳理与评述。     

经济增长与环境质量:来自中国省际面板数据的证据

环境库兹涅茨曲线是经济增长与环境污染之间呈倒U型关系的曲线,即随着经济增长,环境质量先恶化,当经济发展到一定程度,环境质量又会逐渐改善。文章基于中国1991—2003年29个省级区域环境质量与人均GDP的数据,利用工业废水、废气、固体排放物等变量与人均GDP拟合方程验证环境库兹涅茨曲线假说。研究结果验证了环境库兹涅茨假说,人口密度和外商直接投资对不同的污染物有不同的影响,而工业发展对这三种污染物排放的影响比较大,因此加强产业结构的调整将有助于改善环境质量。     

环境库兹涅茨曲线与我国的政策措施

一、环境库兹涅茨曲线及其含义20世纪60年代中期,西蒙·库兹涅茨提出这样一个假设:在经济发展过程中,收入差异一开始随着经济增长而加大;随后这种差异开始缩小。在二维平面空间,以收入差异为纵坐标,以人均收入为横坐标,这一假设便是一个倒“U”形的关系。这一关系为大量的现实统计数据所证实,通常被称之为库兹涅茨曲线。经济增长与环境保护也存在这样的现象:在经济发展的过程中,环境先是变得恶化,而后得到改善。例如,较之于二三十年前,发展中国家的城市污染水平随着经济的增长而提高;而发达国家的城市污染,则随着经济增长而使污染水平不断…     

环境库兹涅茨曲线假说及其在中国的检验

经济与环境协调发展是我国经济发展中的重大课题。本文从环境库兹涅茨曲线假说出发,利用中国各个省市区1989～2004年数据建立面板数据模型,运用固定效应模型和随机效应模型对其进行估计,以此剖析我国经济增长与环境污染水平的演变规律。结果表明,环境库兹涅茨曲线假说在我国并不成立。因此,我国不能盲目重复发达国家"先污染,后治理"的传统模式,而应该走环境与经济持续协调发展的道路。     

环境成本内部化及其对国际贸易的影响

国际贸易的发展促进了国际分工的形成,各国以比较优势生产产品进行贸易,全球范围内生产要素得到有效的分配。随着全球经济越来越一体化,世界贸易以空前的规模急剧扩大。然而世界环境受到了史无前例的冲击,环境保护主义者从另一个角度出发,认为自由贸易是破坏环境最主要的因素,环境与贸易的关系备受关注。本文以此为背景,阐述了环境成本内部化的产生原因,重点分析了环境成本内部化对国际贸易的影响。     

突破路径依赖 走生态文明之路

库兹涅茨环境曲线(EKC)假说认为,当一个国家经济发展水平较低的时候,环境污染的程度较轻,但是随着经济的起飞,资源的使用超过了资源的再生,有害废物大量产生,环境污染由低趋高,环境恶化程度随经济的增长而加剧;当经济发展达到一定水平,到达某个临界点或     

1990-2013年国际人口迁移特征、机制及影响研究

在全球化背景下国际人口迁移呈持续增长态势。利用"2013年全球国际人口迁移趋势"和"2013年经合组织国家国际人口迁移展望"数据,分析1990-2013年国际人口迁移的规模、流向、结构等的变动趋势及区域特征,揭示国际人口迁移的主要动力机制,包括发达国家和发展中国家之间经济社会发展的巨大差距、经济全球化、世界经济政治格局变动、国际移民政策调整和人口规模等,以及国际人口迁移对迁入国和迁出国经济发展、劳动就业、财政收支、人口增长等方面产生的影响。     

FDI对浙江省EKC影响的实证分析

上世纪70年代以来,资本流动与环境问题日益受到社会关注,国际资本对环境的影响大大超过了贸易本身对环境的影响;90年代初美国经济学家提出了环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)的概念,描述了经济发展与环境污染水平     

Green technical innovation, environmental expenditure, and the environmental Kuznets curve： a dynamic s model

The relationship between the emission of pollutant and economic growth has attracted a lot of attention in the environmental debate of the recent decades. Based on some theoretical and empirical research on environmental Kuznets curve （EKC）, this paper introduces the environmental technical innovation and environmental investment into Salow growth model to discuss the relationship between GDP per capital and the emission of pollutant By the dynamic simulation and parameters analysis, the results of the model indicate： （1） when ＂green＂ technical progress and environmental investment are fixed, the relationship between GDP per capital and the emission shows the linear relationship; （2） ＂green＂ technical progress can lead to the positive growth rates with a decreasing level of emission, which is compatible with an EKC; （3） the proportion of the environmental investment can lead the different growth rates and level of emission. These results can explain that developing countries are ＂too poor to be green＂.     

Economic prosperity, biodiversity conservation, and the environmental Kuznets curve

Many conservationists contend that economic growth and biodiversity conservation are incompatible goals. Some economists contest this viewpoint, arguing that wealthier countries have the luxury of investing more heavily in efforts to conserve biodiversity. Under this assumption, we expect a U-shaped relationship between per capita wealth and proportion of species conserved. We test this environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) using estimates of per capita income and deforestation rates (index of biodiversity threat) for 35 tropical countries. A prior analysis [Dietz, S., Adger, W.N., 2003. Economic growth, biodiversity loss and conservation effort. Journal of Environmental Management, 68:23-35] using conventional regression techniques failed to provide any support for the parabolic relationship predicted by the EKC hypothesis. Here, we introduce the use of quantile regression and spatial filtering to reanalyze this data, addressing issues of heteroskedasticity and spatial autocorrelation. We note that preliminary analysis using these methods provides some initial evidence for an EKC. However, a series of panel analyses with country-specific dummy variables eliminated or even reversed much of this support. A closer examination of conservation practices and environmental indicators within the countries, particularly those countries that drove our initial support, suggests that wealth is not a reliable indicator of improved conservation practice. Our findings indicate that an EKC for biodiversity is overly simplistic and further exploration is required to fully understand the mechanisms by which income affects biodiversity.     

Health benefits of tunneling through the Chinese environmental Kuznets curve (EKC)

In this paper, we first add to what is a growing literature on the existence and nature of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) model for developing countries, by testing for the existence of an EKC for China using a panel data set of city-specific, annual ambient levels of SO₂ pollution. We find some support for both the typical inverted-U-shaped relationship and an N-shaped, cubic configuration. More significantly, we then explore the possibility of China's “tunneling” through the EKC, by using newer, cleaner technologies, and thereby avoiding some of the environmental degradation that had often accompanied economic growth. Specifically, we estimate and economically value the health benefits realizable to Chinese cities from successful efforts to “tunnel” under the EKC over the next generation.     

当今国际劳工迁移现状、特点和政策趋向

国际劳工迁移是国际政治经济和人口发展不平衡的结果，由于劳动力的相对短缺，许多发达国家和发展中国家都积极从国外引进本国所需要的劳动力。本文在对主要地区和国家的国际劳工迁移的现状分析后，发现当今国际劳工迁移呈现出众多特点。为避免国际劳工迁移给本国社会经济带来负面影响，一些国家对国际移民政策进行了调整，并采取了一些行之有效的对策和措施：大力开发国内劳动力市场，积极采用新技术，将劳动密集性产业和低附加值的产品布置在劳动力资源丰富的邻国，大力引进高技术人才等。     

基于环境库兹涅茨曲线分析经济发展与环境问题的再思考

环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）是西方经济学的一种假说,是用于研究经济发展（收入）与环境关系而设计的一种模型和方法。本文以江苏为例,分析经济发展与环境污染之间的关系,进而寻找突破EKC拐点的发展路径。影响经济与环境的原因比较复杂,与当地经济发展水平和发展模式、产业结构、技术水平、环境政策、环境法律和国民素质等因素有关。在运用EKC进行实证分析的基础上,应借鉴发达国家的经验,加快产业转型,积极主动地治理环境。大力调整产业结构,优化经济发展,从源头上减少环境污染。加大环保资金投入,加快环保项目的研究和转化,从技术上突破环境治理的难题。建立一套科学的环境政策机制和监管制度,从机制、制度上保障环境质量的显著提高。     

Environmental resilience and economic growth: Command economy's optimization and environmental Kuznets curve

This paper constructs a two-sector environmental growth model with explicit mathematical derivation and economic intuition in a social planning economy. Through the optimal allocation of man-made capital between the production sector and the environmental sector, this paper shows that the trade-off between economic growth and environmental protection exists only when an economy deviates from its steady state. We also provide short-run transitions for both the whole economic system and individual control and state variables. In addition, technological progress in the production sector benefits economic growth rate while the improvement of technology in the environmental sector has only level effects on economic variables. This paper ends with a link between the theory and a hot empirical issue — the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis.     

Modelling the nonlinear relationship between CO2 emissions from oil and economic growth

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from oil and GDP, using panel data from 1971 to 2007 of 98 countries. Previous studies have discussed the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, but little attention has been paid to the existence of a nonlinear relationship between these two variables. We argue that there exists a threshold effect between the two variables: different levels of economic growth bear different impacts on oil CO2 emissions. Our empirical results do not support the EKC hypothesis. Additionally, the results of short-term analyses of static and dynamic panel threshold estimations suggest the efficacy of a double-threshold (three-regime) model. In the low economic growth regime, economic growth negatively affects oil CO2 emissions growth; in the medium economic growth regime, however, economic growth positively impacts oil CO2 emissions growth; and in the high economic growth regime, the impact of economic growth is insignificant.     

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL DILEMMAS

Rapid economic growth in the Asian-Pacific region provides economic hope for the region's low-income countries but raises international environmental dilemmas and could be unsustainable. The strong international and Asian political support for Asia's economic growth often makes little mention of the environmental issues involved. The natural resources water, air, and soils as well as Asia's conservation of living resources and maintenance of biodiversity are important environmental issues. Tourism development—especially ecotourism—could combine economic development and conservation, but as Asian examples illustrate, it has limitations. Other environmental influences include the rapid urbanisation of Asia and the likelihood of increased international and transboundary conflicts over use of natural resources as economic growth in Asia proceeds. Markets and market reforms are not sufficient to deal with Asia's economic problems. Institutional and other reforms also are needed. One must reject the view that economic growth neglecting the environment is acceptable even in low-income countries. Polluting and degrading the environment now and repairing it later is a dangerous policy to follow, particularly for larger Asian countries. In fact, a strong case exists for high-income countries to support the environmental conservation efforts of low-income countries.     

A Case for a Partially Disaggregated Theory of Inflation

Approaches to economic development have overemphasized negative economic freedom for multinational corporations at the expense of a majority of the population in developing countries. An inevitable outcome has been the growth of informal sector and "vulnerable" employment in developing countries and entrenchment of existing inequalities. We argue that rather than an emphasis on negative freedom, an emphasis on using labor standards to facilitate positive economic freedom must occur. Labor standards do this not only through the "core" rights of union membership and collective bargaining, but also in addressing substantive ("non-core") rights at work (wages, working-time, etc.), thereby facilitating positive freedom.