TFP growth in Chinese cities: The role of factor-intensity and industrial agglomeration

This article estimates agglomeration effects via calculating EG (Elilsion & Glaeser) and TFP growth (Total Factor Production) by considering the undesired output of the industrial enterprise database and the entropy weight method. Using panel data of 207 county-level cities in China and 28 two-digit manufacturing industries from 2003 to 2013 based on SIC codes, this paper analyzes the relationship between agglomeration and TFP growth through the smooth transition model under different regions and factor-intensity. The results are as follows. (1) A negative relationship appears in manufacturing productivity. The agglomeration effect changes to the crowded effect. Environmental pollution is also generated by transportation and inadequate pollution treatment technology. (2) The excessive agglomeration phenomenon of developed areas (eastern region) is less than the less developed areas (central and western regions). (3) Resource-intensity industries present two thresholds that indicate complex regional features. For various intensive industries in different regions, the relationship between GML and agglomeration is different. High agglomeration does not always promote TFP growth. (4) At different levels of urban industrial agglomeration, the influences of efficiency change and technical change on GML are different. Overall, moderate agglomeration in all regions helps promote economic development.     

Stages of diversification in a neoclassical world

Recent research has documented a U-shaped industrial concentration curve over an economy’s development path. How far can neoclassical trade theory take us in explaining this pattern? We estimate the production side of the Heckscher–Ohlin model using industry data on 44 developed and developing countries for the period 1976–2000. Decomposing the implied changes in industrial concentration over time shows that at least one third of these changes seems to be explained by a Rybczynski effect. This result suggests that capital accumulation led poor countries to diversify their industrial production, while rich countries made their production more concentrated in highly capital-intensive industries.     

Technological spillover through industrial and regional linkages: Firm-level evidence from China

This paper provides new insights into the study of technology spillover effects through the interaction between industrial and spatial linkages. We develop a theoretical model that provides a useful modeling framework for spillover research, and then empirically test the model inferences using Chinese firm-level data. Input-output tables and spatial decay measurements are combined to construct the key spillover variables. Using seemingly unrelated regressions, the paper finds that vertical spillover effects are more significant than horizontal spillover effects, both within- and between-regions; regional characteristics have greater impacts on vertical spillovers than on horizontal spillovers; and regional spillover effects vary across different regions. Regional policies and regional endowments, including human capital, transportation infrastructure, and enterprise ownership, are crucial in explaining these heterogeneities in regional technology spillover. Our empirical results provide many policy implications including strengthening the connection between upstream and downstream industries and devoting more R&D to upstream industries.     

中国工业生产绩效:1998-2007——基于细分行业的推广随机前沿生产函数的分析

文章利用推广的随机前沿生产函数对我国1998-2007年36个细分行业的面板数据进行分析,估计了我国工业的技术效率和全要素生产率.分析结果表明,较高市场化程度的经济制度、较大的产业规模和较低的能源消耗均有利于生产效率的提高;我国工业生产效率是存在波动的,而且行业之间的差异十分明显;全要素生产率是在波动中增长的,2003年是其峰值;行业规模与生产效率表现出了开口向下的抛物线关系,而与全要素生产率却呈反方向变化;总体上,我国工业TFP增长主要源自技术进步和资源配置效率的改善,但各行业TFP增长的源泉差异巨大.     

FDI、产业聚集是否有助于国际竞争力提升*——基于中国制造业PVAR模型的实证研究

本文运用联合国商品贸易数据库2004-2013年共十年数据,对我国27个制造业国际竞争力、外商直接投资程度、产业集聚度进行测算,并利用静态面板回归和动态向量自回归PVAR模型对三者之间的内在作用关系进行实证对比分析。结果发现：（1）中国整体制造业国际竞争力稳步提升,但具备较强国际竞争力的还主要集中在劳动密集型行业,而中高技术行业是中国参与全球竞争形成优势最有潜力的行业;（2）我国引入外商直接投资占比变化不大,但其总额提升速度迅猛;（3）我国制造业的平均产业集聚程度呈上升趋势,但其大小程度及变化趋势在不同行业之间有着明显差别;（4）静态面板回归结果表明,FDI渗入程度越高,产业集聚程度越大,越有利于制造业国际竞争力的提升,此外,FDI与产业集聚间存在交互效应继而正向影响国际竞争力的提升;（5）向量自回归（PVAR）模型也显示FDI、产业聚集、国际竞争力间存在长期稳定的相关关系。     

中国制造业空间集聚对全要素生产率的影响机理研究——基于双门限回归模型的实证分析

文章根据中国2000-2008年20个制造行业的面板数据,建立了以产业空间集聚水平为门限变量的双门限回归模型,以考察产业空间集聚对全要素生产率的影响机理。研究发现,产业空间集聚主要促进体现型技术进步,对技术效率的影响较弱;产业空间集聚的影响存在门限效应,其影响力随集聚水平的提高而逐步减弱,集聚规模存在最佳边界;产业空间集聚对全要素生产率及技术进步的影响在不同门限区间的行业技术梯度特征较明显,资源性和中低技术行业的集聚水平较低但集聚效应较高。     

Industrial de-licensing, trade liberalization, and skill upgrading in India

We investigate the relationship between industrial de-licensing, trade liberalization, and skill upgrading during the 1980s and 1990s among manufacturing plants in India. We use a unique dataset on India's industrial licensing regime to test whether industrial de-licensing during the 1980s and 1990s played a role in skill upgrading, as measured by the employment and wagebill shares of white-collar workers. In addition, we assess the relative contribution of industrial de-licensing and trade liberalization to skill upgrading. We identify two main channels through which industrial de-licensing affects skill upgrading: capital- and output-skill complementarities. Using both difference-in-differences as well as regression discontinuity techniques, we find two important results. First, after controlling for the size-based exemption rule that determined whether or not a plant faced licensing restrictions, industrial de-licensing during the 1980s appears to have increased the relative demand for skilled workers via capital- and output-skill complementarities. Capital- and output-skill complementarities exist for plants in both licensed and de-licensed industries but were stronger in de-licensed industries during the 1980s, prior to India's massive trade liberalization reforms in 1991. Second, regardless of de-licensing, capital- and output-skill complementarities are generally weaker after trade was liberalized during the early 1990s. Together, capital- and output-skill complementarities contributed 75% (57%) and 31% (29%), respectively, of the growth in the employment and wagebill shares of white-collar workers in de-licensed (licensed) industries before trade was liberalized. After trade liberalization, these contributions were smaller. This suggests that trade liberalization may not have played a major role in raising the relative demand for skilled labor during the early 1990s.     

The impact of bank competition and concentration on industrial growth

This paper studies whether bank competition affects growth of non-banking industries. We find that non-cooperative bank competition and stability promote industrial growth robustly. Bank concentration may also affect growth positively; the latter effect increases for higher levels of competition.     

CLUSTER‐BASED INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT: A VIEW FROM EAST ASIA*

In this paper I attempt to formulate an endogenous model of cluster‐based industrial development, based on case studies in Japan, Taiwan, and China, where the initiation phase is followed by the quantity expansion phase through imitation and subsequently by the quality improvement phase through innovation. I argue that such a process of industrial development is supported by the development of market transactions among assemblers, parts‐suppliers, and merchants, and the stimulation of innovation made possible by the benefits of industrial clusters arising from the geographical concentration of a large number of enterprises and a variety of human resources in a small geographical area.     

FDI和产业集聚对TFP增长影响的实证检验——基于上海制造业行业的数据

运用非参数的Malmquist生产率指数方法,测算了1998—2007年上海20个制造业行业的全要素生产率指数及其技术效率和技术进步的变化指数;用基于面板数据的计量回归模型对上海市制造业行业全要素生产率的影响因素进行了实证检验。得出以下结论:上海制造业行业全要素生产率的增长主要是由技术进步带来的,技术效率变化指数表现出负增长;外商直接投资对上海制造业企业没有明显的外溢效应,产业集聚对上海制造业行业的全要素生产率增长有显著的促进作用,出口贸易具有显著的阻碍作用,国有产权比重具有显著的反向作用。     

The unbalanced growth hypothesis and the role of the state: The case of China's state-owned enterprises

Albert Hirschman's unbalanced growth hypothesis suggests that a developing economy can promote economic growth by initially investing in industries with high backward and forward linkages. In the case of Chinese economic policy today, one application would be the continued presence of the state in high-linkage sectors and the strategic withdrawal of the state from low-linkage sectors. The evidence shows that while the degree of linkage plays an important role in generating economic growth in China, province-specific withdrawal strategies for the state sector have no effect on economic growth.     

我国上市公司资产重组的行业分析

本文首先从工业行业运行状况的角度,定量化地研究了我国资本市场中兼并频发行业的成因。研究发现,工业行业的集中度偏低是其中最主要的原因。本文还以各个兼并频发行业内发生资产重组的上市公司为研究对象,发现我国不同的行业,资本市场中资产重组的方式有所不同。同时资本市场中行业资产的重组对于不同行业的产业结构调整有着不同的积极或消极的作用。这表明我国资本市场上的资产重组将导致我国工业各行业的竞争力呈分化状态。     

"飞雁模式"发生了吗?-对1998-2008年中国制造业的分析

本文采用中国制造业规模以上企业数据,从县级经济体的水平上考察了中国制造业是否发生"飞雁"模式的转移。我们发现,产业聚集的效应在2004年以前一直发挥着促使产业向东部沿海地区集聚的重要作用,而在这之后该效应的效果逐渐下降,表现为制造业特别是劳动密集型产业出现向中西部内陆地区移转的趋势。此时,企业的综合经营成本上升和要素成本的提高逐渐成为诱致产业转移的重要因素。     

宏观经济波动对工业所有制结构的影响——"国进民退"的回顾与前瞻

本文利用1998—2008年的样本数据,通过实证方法研究宏观经济波动对工业所有制结构的影响,结果表明经济增长速度、货币存量、出口增长率以及通货膨胀与国有工业比重下降速度均呈负相关关系,这说明国进民退是宏观经济景气度影响的结果。因此,我们认为宏观调控政策应从优化国有与非国有企业的融资环境、对微观结构影响的程度等方面去改善国有与非国有工业企业的经营环境。     

山东省产业创新路径的实证检验

利用1998—2008年山东省高技术产业及4个分行业的统计数据,分析了山东省产业创新中技术进步因素对产业产值增加的贡献以及产业创新中的技术创新的主要影响因素。得到如下结论:从山东省高技术产业总体来看,山东省产业自主创新能力不强,科技进步对产业产出的贡献明显低于资本投入,甚至低于劳动力投入;山东省产业创新具有资本密集的特征;山东省的产业创新路径是一种技术改造模式,即运用高技术改造传统产业,实现升级换代,提高质量效益,从而引起工业体系的变化;在资金投入指标中,R&D经费内部支出、科技活动经费内部支出和新产品开发费用对科技进步有显著影响;在劳动力投入指标中,只有R&D活动人员折合全时当量与技术进步呈显著的相关关系,但R&D活动人员折合全时当量和企业办科技机构科技人员数对技术进步的影响存在二期滞后,说明山东省科研人才的创新能力有待加强。     

湖南省高新技术产业发展趋势预测

基于湖南省2000—2008年高新技术产业的相关资料和数据,运用历史趋势预测法和指数模型预测法,对湖南省高新技术产业的发展趋势进行了预测和检验,该预测可为湖南省编制高新技术产业＂十二五＂发展规划提供参考。结果显示,湖南省高新技术产业产值在2012—2013年之间有可能突破10000亿。同时,对现阶段湖南省高新技术产业发展的突出问题进行了分析。     

Industrial labour productivities and tariffs in South Africa

The analysis of the effect of tariffs for labour productivity faces the challenge of tariff policy endogeneity. Tariff policy is designed to promote economic development and the industrial sector tariff structure may reflect characteristics of the industries protected. We seek to identify the effect of tariffs by taking advantage of multilateral tariff liberalization using reductions in industrial sector tariffs in other world regions as instruments for sectoral tariff reductions in South Africa. The data cover 28 manufacturing sectors over the period 1988–2003. We find that tariff reductions have stimulated labour productivity when instrumented by multilateral tariffs. The ordinary least‐squares estimates show downward bias and this confirms the endogeneity of tariffs. Investigation of channels of effects shows some support for the importance of competitive pressure and technology spillover from trade liberalization.     

我国高技术服务业研发机构科技创新效率评价

构建了高技术服务业研发机构科技创新效率评价指标体系。利用2010—2011年我国高技术服务业7个细分行业研发机构的科技创新活动数据,运用数据包络分析法,测度了2010—2011年我国高技术服务业7个细分行业研发机构的科技创新效率,比较了各细分行业研发机构的科技创新效率差异,并分析其原因。进而利用理想点模型,对2010—2011年我国高技术服务业研发机构的科技创新效率进行了排名。研究结果显示:我国高技术服务业研发机构的科技创新效率总体良好,但行业差异较大。最后,提出促进我国高技术服务业发展的对策建议。     

基于随机前沿生产函数的中国工业R＆D效率分析

长期以来，中国工业产业R＆D效率问题一直没有得到深入研究。本文以中国工业的37个行业为研究对象，利用随机前沿生产函数考察了从1998年到2002年5年期间的中国工业R＆D效率问题。研究结果表明：中国工业R＆D效率总体水平低下，有很大的提升空间；工业企业R＆D效率与前期投入成正比，而与行业竞争强度成反比；工业行业的R＆D效率可能主要与其市场结构有关，而与该行业中的主要企业是否国有企业无关；中国工业R＆D效率的高低不仅与行业的市场结构有关，而且与政府的支持方式也有联系。本文研究结果的重要政策含义是，中国如果要继续保持经济的较高速度增长，必须采取有力措施积极提高中国工业R＆D的总体效率水平。     

Intangible Investment and Changing Sources of Growth in Korea

We examine how intangible investments change the sources of growth in the Korean economy. After constructing a novel industry‐level data set on intangibles, we estimate the contribution of intangible‐intensive industries and other industries to aggregate productivity growth in 1981–2008. The contribution of intangible‐intensive industries to aggregate labour productivity growth has significantly increased, whereas that of other industries has substantially decreased. The increased contribution of intangible‐intensive industries is mainly associated with total factor productivity growth rather than with input growth. This suggests that innovations related to intangible investments in these industries might become a new key source of productivity growth in Korea.